tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35407279009244211382024-03-05T14:56:49.173-08:00Mr. Windu dot Comadminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.comBlogger1307125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-84186406677632590532013-02-26T16:22:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.079-07:00Film Habibie Ainun<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlABEKdI9vGBKNYaiyrAz6ru7Lx_-66w4svHAAORs9YDm0lIjzSPBeDHhDGbNsW5X8x-Ms43yQocZAfr1p09coPIn_0lsDl9SzFs2QmEl2RZvNW6b2tFzGHCxGqqgS4KDxOSbe3c0YVX0/s1600/Download+Film+Habibie+dan+Ainun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlABEKdI9vGBKNYaiyrAz6ru7Lx_-66w4svHAAORs9YDm0lIjzSPBeDHhDGbNsW5X8x-Ms43yQocZAfr1p09coPIn_0lsDl9SzFs2QmEl2RZvNW6b2tFzGHCxGqqgS4KDxOSbe3c0YVX0/s320/Download+Film+Habibie+dan+Ainun.jpg" width="223" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Film Habibie Ainun, telah diputar serentak di seluruh bioskop di Indonesia mulai tanggal 20 Desember 2012. Film yang keren dan sangat menyentuh ini menceritakan tentang kisah asmara BJ Habibie dengan istrinya, Ainun, diangkat dari buku karya mantan Presiden RI yang ke-tiga ini. film yang sangat menakjubkan. Adrie yang konon masih saudara dari Habibie ini, kudu ekstra kerja keras merampungkan film tersebut sebelum hari ulang tahun Ainun<br /><br />Alkisah ada seorang yang bernama Rudy Habibie seorang jenius ahli pesawat terbang yang punya mimpi besarberbakti kepada bangsa Indonesia dengan membuat truk terbanguntuk menyatukan Indonesia.<br />Sedangkan Ainun adalah seorang dokter muda cerdas yang dengan jalur karir terbuka lebar untuknya. Pada masa 1962, 2 kawan SMP bertemu lagi di Bandung.<br /><br />Habibie(peran utama) jatuh cinta pada Ainun yang baginya bidadari. Tapi Ainun, dia tak hanya jatuh cinta, dia iman pada visi dan mimpi Habibie. Mereka menikah dan terbang ke Jerman. Punya mimpi tak akan pernah mudah. Habibie dan Ainun tahu. Cinta mereka terbangun dalam perjalanan mewujudkan mimpi.<br /><br />Dinginnya salju Jerman, pengorbanan, rasa sakit, kesendirian dan godaan harta dan kuasa mereka kembali ke Indonesia mengiringi perjalanan 2 hidup menjadii satu. Bagi Habibie, Ainun adalah segalanya. Ainun adalah mata untuk melihat hidupnya. Bagi Ainun Habibie adalah segalanya, pengisi kasih dalam hidupnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">So kalau penasaran, segera tonton film Habibie Ainun di bioskup kesayangan anda atau kalau pengen gratisan download aja di internet gratis, di 4shared ada kok, ini search aja habibie ainun full movie, tapi gak disarankan lho, enak nonton di bioskop gambarnya gedhe-gedhe tur mantabs</div>adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-56965364578617882392013-02-25T20:38:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.085-07:00Daftar Blog WP mu GratisBerikut ini adalah Daftar Blog WP mu Gratis khusus teman-teman yang suka bikin blog gratisan berbasis Wordpress, silakan coba semua gratis kok. 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Alisha berasal dari bahasa Jerman yang artinya mulia, atau jika diartikan dalam bahasa India artinya dilindungi Tuhan, Alfi artinya seribu, dalam bahasa Arab seribu artinya banyak sekali bukan hitungan seribu, Nurul artinya cahaya dalam bahasa Arab, sedangkan Indraswari artinya seorang yang memiliki suara bagus. Sehingga Arti Nama Alisha Alfi Nurul Indraswari dapat diartikan seorang wanita yang memiliki seribu cahaya kemuliaan serta memiliki suara bagus, dalam arti setiap tutur katanya selalu menyejukkan bagi yang mendengarnya. Semoga terwujud dalam untaian kasihadminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-77551903097398146362013-02-18T18:56:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.095-07:00Cara posting Produk Amazon agar tidak di delete oleh BloggerCara posting Produk Amazon agar tidak di delete oleh Blogger, antara lain :<br /><br /><ol><li>Ketika anda buat blog baru segera ganti template yang bagus</li><li>Buatlah postingan dengan judul "google gaul", kontentnya juga sama dengan judul</li><li>Biasanya pas posting tersebut minta di share, ya share aja ke publik</li><li>Tunggu minimal 5 menit</li><li>Hapus postingan tersebut</li><li>Silakan posting produk amazon sepuasnya asal jangan lebih dari 1400 postingan dalam sekali import. Bertahap dan jangan kemaruk</li><li>Bagus lagi kalau link tidak mengarah langsung ke amazon tapi mengarah ke landing page di WP self host</li><li>Selamat mencoba, jangan pernah berputus asa</li></ol><br />adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-35178742773449836572013-02-18T00:07:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.100-07:00 How to Learn Blogging Software How to Learn Blogging Software <br /><br />A lot of blogging software is specifically designed to be simple to use, but even the least intimidating blogging<br />program can feel very overwhelming to somebody who has not spent a lot of time learning the ins and outs of<br />different kinds of software. Particularly for newer bloggers, learning how to use the interface of blogging<br />software is the most difficult part of blogging. If you are somebody who feels comfortable expressing themselves in another medium, it may prove to be well worth your time and effort to learn blogging software, but that doesn't mean that the task will be easy. <br /><br />The main thing that will help you find success as you learn how to use a new kind of blogging software is to<br />try and take things slowly. Many people get so excited about learning to blog that they try to rush into the thick of it and start exploring the most complicated features of a program right away. This can lead to getting<br />confused and feeling frustrated, and all too many potential bloggers burn out during this stage of the<br />process. If you take your time learning the basics of your blog software program before you move on to<br />more advanced techniques, you will be more likely to retain what you have learned, and to keep feeling<br />positive about your ability to understand the world of blogging. <br /><br />adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-9010513411807734532013-02-17T04:00:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.104-07:00About CareersCareers<br /><br />There are many different careers in the field of accounting ranging from entry-level bookkeeping to the Chief Financial Officer of a company. To achieve positions with more responsibility and higher salaries, it's necessary to have a degree in accounting as well as achieve various professional designations.<br /><br />One of the primary milestones in any accountant's career is to become a Certified Public Accountant or CPA. To become a CPA you have to go to college with a major in accounting. You also have to pass a national CPA exam. There's also some employment experience required in a CPA firm. This is generally one to two years, although this varies from state to state. Once you satisfy all those requirements, you get a certificate that designates you as a CPA and you're allowed to offer your services to the public.<br /><br />Many CPAs consider this just one stepping stone to their careers. The chief accountant in many offices is called the controller. The controller is in charge of managing the entire accounting system in a business stays on top of accounting and tax laws to keep the company legal and is responsible for preparing the financial statements.<br /><br />The controller is also in charge of financial planning and budgeting. Some companies have only one accounting professional who's essentially the chief cook and bottle washer and does everything. As a business grows in size and complexity, then additional layers of personnel are required to handle the volume of work that comes from growth. Other areas in the company are also impacted by growth, and it's part of the controller's job to determine just how many more salaries the company can pay for additional people without negatively impacting growth and profits. <br /><br />The controller also is responsible for preparing tax returns for the business; a much more involved and complex task than completing personal income tax forms! In larger organizations, the controller can report to a vice president of finance who reports to the chief financial officer, who is responsible for the broad objectives for growth and profit and implementing the appropriate strategies to achieve the objectives.<br />adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-72172693532978426712013-02-17T03:59:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.108-07:00What is Bookkeeping ?Bookkeeping<br /><br />So what goes on the accounting and bookkeeping departments? What do these people do on a daily basis? <br /><br />Well, one thing they do that's terribly important to everyone working there is Payroll. All the salaries and taxes earned and paid by every employee every pay period have to be recorded. The payroll department has to ensure that the appropriate federal, state and local taxes are being deducted. The pay stub attached to your paycheck records these taxes. They usually include income tax, social security taxes pous employment taxes that have to be paid to federal and state government. Other deductions include personal ones, such as for retirement, vacation, sick pay or medical benefits. It's a critical function. Some companies have their own payroll departments; others outsource it to specialists.<br /><br />The accounting department receives and records any payments or cash received from customers or clients of the business or service. The accounting department has to make sure that the money is sourced accurately and deposited in the appropriate accounts. They also manage where the money goes; how much of it is kept on-hand for areas such as payroll, or how much of it goes out to pay what the company owes its banks, vendors and other obligations. Some should also be invested. <br /><br />The other side of the receivables business is the payables area, or cash disbursements. A company writes a lot of checks during the course of year to pay for purchases, supplies, salaries, taxes, loans and services. The accounting department prepares all these checks and records to whom they were disbursed, how much and for what. Accounting departments also keep track of purchase orders placed for inventory, such as products that will be sold to customers or clients. They also keep track of assets such as a business's property and equipment. This can include the office building, furniture, computers, even the smallest items such as pencils and pens.<br />adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-33008393989884778342013-02-17T03:58:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.114-07:00Accounting Principles<div style="text-align: justify;">Accounting Principles<br /><br />If everyone involved in the process of accounting followed their own system, or no system at all, there's be no way to truly tell whether a company was profitable or not. Most companies follow what are called generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, and there are huge tomes in libraries and bookstores devoted to just this one topic. Unless a company states otherwise, anyone reading a financial statement can make the assumption that company has used GAAP.<br /><br />If GAAP are not the principles used for preparing financial statements, then a business needs to make clear which other form of accounting they're used and are bound to avoid using titles in its financial statements that could mislead the person examining it. <br /><br />GAAP are the gold standard for preparing financial statement. Not disclosing that it has used principles other than GAAP makes a company legally liable for any misleading or misunderstood data. These principles have been fine-tuned over decades and have effectively governed accounting methods and the financial reporting systems of businesses. Different principles have been established for different types of business entities, such for-profit and not-for-profit companies, governments and other enterprises. <br /><br />GAAP are not cut and dried, however. They're guidelines and as such are often open to interpretation. Estimates have to be made at times, and they require good faith efforts towards accuracy. You've surely heard the phrase "creative accounting" and this is when a company pushes the envelope a little (or a lot) to make their business look more profitable than it might actually be. This is also called massaging the numbers. This can get out of control and quickly turn into accounting fraud, which is also called cooking the books. The results of these practices can be devastating and ruin hundreds and thousands of lives, as in the cases of Enron, Rite Aid and others.<br /></div>adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-30187574610256466502013-02-17T03:57:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.118-07:00Basic Accounting Principles<div style="text-align: justify;">Basic Accounting Principles<br /><br />Accounting has been defined as, by Professor of Accounting at the University of Michigan William A Paton as having one basic function: "facilitating the administration of economic activity. This function has two closely related phases: 1) measuring and arraying economic data; and 2) communicating the results of this process to interested parties."<br /><br />As an example, a company's accountants periodically measure the profit and loss for a month, a quarter or a fiscal year and publish these results in a statement of profit and loss that's called an income statement. These statements include elements such as accounts receivable (what's owed to the company) and accounts payable (what the company owes). It can also get pretty complicated with subjects like retained earnings and accelerated depreciation. This at the higher levels of accounting and in the organization.<br /><br />Much of accounting though, is also concerned with basic bookkeeping. This is the process that records every transaction; every bill paid, every dime owed, every dollar and cent spent and accumulated. <br /><br />But the owners of the company, which can be individual owners or millions of shareholders are most concerned with the summaries of these transactions, contained in the financial statement. The financial statement summarizes a company's assets. A value of an asset is what it cost when it was first acquired. The financial statement also records what the sources of the assets were. Some assets are in the form of loans that have to be paid back. Profits are also an asset of the business.<br /><br />In what's called double-entry bookkeeping, the liabilities are also summarized. Obviously, a company wants to show a higher amount of assets to offset the liabilities and show a profit. The management of these two elements is the essence of accounting. <br /><br />There is a system for doing this; not every company or individual can devise their own systems for accounting; the result would be chaos!<br /></div>adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-44585088326850506942013-02-17T03:55:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.123-07:00What Is Accounting Anyway?<div style="text-align: justify;">What Is Accounting Anyway?<br /><br /> Anyone who's worked in an office at some point or another has had to go to accounting. They're the people who pay and send out the bills that keep the business running. They do a lot more than that, though. Sometimes referred to as "bean counters" they also keep their eye on profits, costs and losses. Unless you're running your own business and acting as your own accountant, you'd have no way of knowing just how profitable - or not - your business is without some form of accounting.<br /><br /> No matter what business you're in, even if all you do is balance a checkbook, that's still accounting. It's part of even a kid's life. Saving an allowance, spending it all at once - these are accounting principles. <br /><br /> What are some other businesses where accounting is critical? Well, farmers need to follow careful accounting procedures. Many of them run their farms year to year by taking loans to plant the crops. If it's a good year, a profitable one, then they can pay off their loan; if not, they might have to carry the loan over, and accrue more interest charges. <br /><br /> Every business and every individual needs to have some kind of accounting system in their lives. Otherwise, the finances can get away from them, they don't know what they've spent, or whether they can expect a profit or a loss from their business. Staying on top of accounting, whether it's for a multi-billion dollar business or for a personal checking account is a necessary activity on a daily basis if you're smart. Not doing so can mean anything from a bounced check or posting a loss to a company's shareholders. Both scenarios can be equally devastating.<br /><br /> Accounting is basically information, and this information is published periodically in business as a profit and loss statement, or an income statement.<br /></div>adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-11918861403111220042013-02-10T21:05:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.127-07:00Creating Your Social Networking Website ProfileCreating Your Social Networking Website Profile<br /><br />How you would like to meet and communicate with other internet users, especially ones that share the same views and beliefs as you do? If you would then you may want to think about joining a social networking website, if you haven’t already done so. When it comes to easily finding and communicating online with other internet users, social networking sites are, perhaps, the best way to go.<br /><br />If you are interested in joining a social networking website, the first thing that you will need to do is find a network to join. You can easily find a number of networks by performing a standard internet search. For the best search results, you may want to search with the words social networking or social networking websites. In your search, it is likely that that you come up with a fairly large number of different networking sites. Popular sites that may be included in your search results may include, but will not be limited to, MySpace, Orkut, Yahoo! 360, FriendFinder, FriendWise, Facebook, and Classmates.<br /><br />Once you have made the decision to join a particular social networking website, whether or not it is one of the ones mentioned above, you will need to need to register with the site. Even free networking communities require that you go through the registration process. Once you are registered, you should be able to start communicating with other community members. Before you start communicating, you may need to develop your online profile or profile page, depending on the networking site in question. Although it may seem easy enough to create a profile, there are many internet users who are unsure exactly what they should and should not include.<br /><br />Perhaps, one of the most important things to include in your online website is your picture. While a personal picture is optional, it is ideal. Many internet users enjoy taking to someone that they can see in their minds, without a picture this is difficult. If you are looking to use social networking websites just to meet new friends you may not necessarily need to post a private picture, but you may need to if you are looking to find love online. When it comes to internet dating, many individuals will not even view an online profile if a picture is not included.<br /><br />In addition to your photograph, you may want to include your name. Now, when it comes to your name, you need to be cautious. You are advised against giving your full name, especially if your profile or profile page contains a personal photograph of you. In addition to your name, you may want to put down your location. As with your name it is important to display caution. Your picture, your address, and your full name can be dangerous, especially if it falls into the wrong hands. As much as you would like to fill your social networking profiles with personal information, you are advised to think about your safety before anything else.<br /><br />You may also want to include information on yourself. This information may include your hobbies, issues that are important to do, your likes, and your dislikes. With many social networking websites, including MySpace, you will find that there are preset profile fields for this information. In addition to preset questions or categories on your likes and dislikes, you may also find additional information, including fun questionnaires. Many social networking websites will ask that you describe your favorite color, your goals in life, your most embarrassing moment, and so on. As with your other personal information, it is important to stay as vague and possible and not use any full names, especially real ones.<br /><br />By keeping the above mentioned points in mind, you should not only be able to create an online social networking profile that is filled with valuable information, but you can do so while staying safe at the same time. Your safety on the internet is in your hands, that is why it is important to think about safety, as well as internet popularity. <br /><br />PPPPP<br /><br />Word Count 674<br />adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-22906325435824712922013-02-10T21:04:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.220-07:00Facebook: A Popular Social Networking WebsiteFacebook: A Popular Social Networking Website<br /><br />Individuals, of all different ages, enjoy meeting and communicating with other internet users. Despite the fact that individuals of all ages use the internet to socialize, there are certain groups of individuals that do more than others. Those groups of individuals include students, both high school students and college students. For that reason, it is only fitting that there should be a social networking website that has a focus on these particular individuals. That networking website is known as Facebook.<br /><br />Facebook may not be as well known as other popular social networking websites, such as Yahoo! 360 or MySpace, but it is still popular. That popularity is mostly among high school students and college students, mostly because Facebook focuses on these individuals in particular. With Facebook, you are required to register for a specific network. That network can either include the high school or college which you attended or are currently attending. Once you have joined the website, you should easily be able to make contact with others who are in the same network. <br /><br />The network in which you join can be considered an advantage of Facebook, as well as a disadvantage. See, Facebook does not work like most other social networking websites. Instead of being able to communicate with all site members, you are limited to contact with those that are in your particular network, the high school or college you that selected. The creators of Facebook state that this is for your own safety. Although it is safer for your profile and personal information to be viewed by a small number of individuals, you may not necessity want it to be that way. <br /><br />Although a large amount of focus is placed on high school students and college students, Facebook has added another popular feature to their website. That feature is workplace networks. By joining a specific workplace network, you will be granted access to other community members who work for the same company as you. This feature is nice, especially since many companies have become large corporations or expanded across the country. You may be able to make contact and become friends with a long-distance coworker that you never knew you had.<br /><br />Another aspect of Facebook that you may find inconvenient is their lack of available information, before you decide to become a community member. When viewing their online website, which can be found at www.facebook.com, it is hard to tell whether or not the site is free to use. Most online social networking sites will make this known right upfront, but Facebook does not. Aside from the price, you should easily be able to obtain additional information on Facebook, before making the decision to become a member. This additional information may include how Facebook works, why you should become a member, how the invite process works, and general rules and restrictions that are in place.<br /><br />If you are interested in joining the Facebook community, you should do what you should do with all other social networking websites, research. By taking the time to research and examine everything that Facebook has to offer, you should be able to decide whether or not this popular networking community is what you were looking for. There is a good chance that it will be, but if not, do not worry. There are literally an unlimited number of other social networking websites that you can join.<br /><br />PPPPP<br /><br />Word Count 564<br />adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-15444854168794809202013-01-29T04:47:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.312-07:00Sejarah masuknya Islam<div style="text-align: justify;">Materi berikut ini adalah tentang sejarah Masuknya Islam di Indonesia, mari kita simak dengan cermat : Penyebaran Islam (1200 - 1600) Berbagai teori perihal masuknya Islam ke Indonesia terus muncul sampai saat ini. Fokus diskusi mengenai kedatangan Islam di Indonesia sejauh ini berkisar pada tiga tema utama, yakni tempat asal kedatangannya, para pembawanya, dan waktu kedatangannya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Mengenai tempat asal kedatangan Islam yang menyentuh Indonesia, di kalangan para sejarawan terdapat beberapa pendapat. Ahmad Mansur Suryanegara mengikhtisarkannya menjadi tiga teori besar. Pertama, teori Gujarat, India. Islam dipercayai datang dari wilayah Gujarat – India melalui peran para pedagang India muslim pada sekitar abad ke-13 M. Kedua, teori Makkah. Islam dipercaya tiba di Indonesia langsung dari Timur Tengah melalui jasa para pedagang Arab muslim sekitar abad ke-7 M. Ketiga, teori Persia. Islam tiba di Indonesia melalui peran para pedagang asal Persia yang dalam perjalanannya singgah ke Gujarat sebelum ke nusantara sekitar abad ke-13 M. Melalui Kesultanan Tidore yang juga menguasai Tanah Papua, sejak abad ke-17, jangkauan terjauh penyebaran Islam sudah mencapai Semenanjung Onin di Kabupaten Fakfak, Papua Barat. Kalau Ahli Sejarah Barat beranggapan bahwa Islam masuk di Indonesia mulai abad 13 adalah tidak benar, HAMKA berpendapat bahwa pada tahun 625 M sebuah naskah Tiongkok mengkabarkan bahwa menemukan kelompok bangsa Arab yang telah bermukim di pantai Barat Sumatra (Barus) . </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pada saat nanti wilayah Barus ini akan masuk ke wilayah kerajaan Srivijaya. Pada tahun 674M semasa pemerintahan Khilafah Islam Utsman bi Affan, memerintahkan mengirimkan utusannya (Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan) ke tanah Jawa yaitu ke Jepara (pada saat itu namanya Kalingga). Hasil kunjungan duta Islam ini adalah raja Jay Sima ptra ratu Sima dari Kalingga masuk Islam . Pada tahun 718M raja Srivijaya Sri Indravarman setelah kerusuhan Kanton juga masuk Islam pada masa kholifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz (Dinasti Umayyah). Sanggahan Teori Islam Masuk Indonesia abad 13 melalui Pedagang Gujarat Teori Islam Masuk Indonesia abad 13 melalui pedagang Gujarat adalah tidaklah benar, apabila benar maka tentunya Islam yang akan berkembang kebanyakan di Indonesia adalah aliran Syiah karena Gujarat pada masa itu beraliran Syiah, akan tetapi kenyataan Islam di Indonesia didominasi Mashab Safi'i. Sanggahan lain adalah bukti telah munculnya Islam di masa awal dengan bukti Tarikh Nisan Fatimah binti Maimun (1082M) di Gresik. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Masa kolonial Pada abad ke-17 masehi atau tahun 1601 kerajaan Hindia Belanda datang ke Nusantara untuk berdagang, namun pada perkembangan selanjutnya mereka menjajah daerah ini. Belanda datang ke Indonesia dengan kamar dagangnya, VOC, sejak itu hampir seluruh wilayah Nusantara dikuasainya kecuali Aceh. Saat itu antara kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di Nusantara belum sempat membentuk aliansi atau kerja sama. Hal ini yang menyebabkan proses penyebaran dakwah terpotong. Dengan sumuliayatul (kesempurnaan) Islam yang tidak ada pemisahan antara aspek-aspek kehidupan tertentu dengan yang lainnya, ini telah diterapkan oleh para ulama saat itu. Ketika penjajahan datang, para ulama mengubah pesantren menjadi markas perjuangan, para santri (peserta didik pesantren) menjadi jundullah (pasukan Allah) yang siap melawan penjajah, sedangkan ulamanya menjadi panglima perang. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Potensi-potensi tumbuh dan berkembang di abad ke-13 menjadi kekuatan perlawanan terhadap penjajah. Ini dapat dibuktikan dengan adanya hikayat-hikayat pada masa kerajaan Islam yang syair-syairnya berisi seruan perjuangan. Para ulama menggelorakan jihad melawan penjajah Belanda. Belanda mengalami kewalahan yang akhirnya menggunakan strategi-strategi: • Politik devide et impera, yang pada kenyataannya memecah-belah atau mengadu domba antara kekuatan ulama dengan adat, contohnya perang Padri di Sumatera Barat dan perang Diponegoro di Jawa.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Mendatangkan Prof. Dr. Snouk Cristian Hourgonye alias Abdul Gafar, seorang Guru Besar ke-Indonesiaan di Universitas Hindia Belanda, yang juga seorang orientalis yang pernah mempelajari Islam di Mekkah. Dia berpendapat agar pemerintahan Belanda membiarkan umat Islam hanya melakukan ibadah mahdhoh (khusus) dan dilarang berbicara atau sampai melakukan politik praktis. Gagasan tersebut dijalani oleh pemerintahan Belanda dan salah satunya adalah pembatasan terhadap kaum muslimin yang akan melakukan ibadah Haji, karena pada saat itulah terjadi pematangan pejuangan terhadap penjajahan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Di akhir abad ke-19, muncul ideologi pembaruan Islam yang diserukan oleh Jamal-al-Din Afghani dan Muhammad Abduh. Ulama-ulama Minangkabau yang belajar di Kairo, Mesir banyak berperan dalam menyebarkan ide-ide tersebut, diantara mereka ialah Muhammad Djamil Djambek dan Abdul Karim Amrullah. Pembaruan Islam yang tumbuh begitu pesat didukung dengan berdirinya sekolah-sekolah pembaruan seperti Adabiah (1909), Diniyah Putri (1911), dan Sumatera Thawalib (1915). Pada tahun 1906, Tahir bin Jalaluddin menerbitkan koran pembaruan al-Iman di Singapura dan lima tahun kemudian, di Padang terbit koran dwi-mingguan al-Munir.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Demografi Sebagian besar ummat Islam di Indonesia berada di wilayah Indonesia bagian Barat, seperti di pulau Sumatera, Jawa, Madura dan Kalimantan. Sedangkan untuk wilayah Timur, penduduk Muslim banyak yang menetap di wilayah Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan Maluku Utara dan enklave tertentu di Indonesia Timur seperti Kabupaten Alor, Fakfak, Haruku, Banda, Tual dan lain-lain. Pengadaan transmigrasi dari Jawa dan Madura yang secara besar-besaran dilakukan oleh pemerintahan Suharto selama tiga dekade ke wilayah Timur Indonesia telah menyebabkan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk Muslim disana. Untuk pertamakalinya, pada tahun 1990an ummat Kristen menjadi minoritas di Maluku. Kebijakan transmigrasi ini, yang telah melebarkan kesenjangan sosial dan ekonomi, mengakibatkan sejumlah konflik di Maluku, Sulawesi Tengah, dan sebagian wilayah Papua. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Arsitektur Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Arsitektur Islam di Indonesia Islam sangat banyak berpengaruh terhadap arsitektur bangunan di Indonesia. Rumah Betawi salah satunya, adalah bentuk arsitektur bangunan yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh corak Islam. Pada salah satu forum tanya jawab di situs Era Muslim[6], disebutkan bahwa Rumah Betawi yang memiliki teras lebar, dan ada bale-bale untuk tempat berkumpul, adalah salah satu ciri arsitektur peradaban Islam di Indonesia. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Masjid Masjid Raya Medan al Ma'shun, adalah salah satu ciri bangunan berarsitektur Islam yang ada di Indonesia Masjid adalah tempat ibadah Muslim yang dapat dijumpai diberbagai tempat di Indonesia. Menurut data Lembaga Ta'mir Masjid Indonesia, saat ini terdapat 125 ribu masjid yang dikelola oleh lembaga tersebut, sedangkan jumlah secara keseluruhan berdasarkan data Departemen Agama tahun 2004, jumlah masjid di Indonesia sebanyak 643.834 buah, jumlah ini meningkat dari data tahun 1977 yang sebanyak 392.044 buah. Diperkirakan, jumlah masjid dan mushala di Indonesia saat ini antara 600-800 ribu buah. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pendidikan Pelajar Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri (MIN) Kecamatan Gambut, Kabupaten Banjar, Kalimantan Selatan. Gambar diambil akhir Januari 2006. Pesantren adalah salah satu sistem pendidikan Islam yang ada di Indonesia dengan ciri yang khas dan unik, juga dianggap sebagai sistem pendididikan paling tua di Indonesia.[9] Selain itu, dalam pendidikan Islam di Indonesia juga dikenal adanya Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (dasar), Madrasah Tsanawiyah (lanjutan), dan Madrasah Aliyah (menengah). Untuk tingkat universitas Islam di Indonesia juga kian maju seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, hal ini dapat dilihat dari terus beragamnya universitas Islam. Hampir disetiap provinsi di Indonesia dapat dijumpai Institut Agama Islam Negeri serta beberapa universitas Islam lainnya. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Organisasi Terdapat beberapa organisasi Islam di Indonesia, diantaranya adalah Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah, Jamiat Khair, sebuah organisasi Islam tempat para ulama dan aktivis bergabung, tempat bermulanya Ahmad Soorkati mengawali karier dakwahnya di Indonesia. Ia diundang secara khusus oleh gerakan ini untuk menjadi pengajar pada berbagai badan pendidikan yang dirintisnya pada tahun 1912. Ia datang dari Sudan, membawa dan mengusung pola pikir rasional dalam berbagai kuliahnya. NU merupakan organisasi Islam terbesar di Indonesia dengan anggota sekitar 35 juta. NU seringkali dikategorikan sebagai Islam traditional, salah satunya karena sistem pendidikan pesantrennya. Muhammadiyah merupakan organisasi Islam terbesar kedua, dengan anggotanya yang sekitar 30 juta. Muhammadiyah memiliki ribuan sekolah, universitas, dan lembaga pendidikan tinggi serta ratusan rumah sakit di seluruh Indonesia. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">sumber : wikipedia.org </div>adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-8655889770024344312013-01-28T21:52:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.407-07:00Sejarah Sistem Ekonomi di Indonesia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> 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-14.2pt;"><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sejarah Ekonomi Indonesia</span></strong><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></strong></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemerintahan Orde Lama</span></strong></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada tanggal 17 agustus 1945, indonesia memproklamasikan kemerdekaannya. Namun demikian, tidak berarti Indonesia sudah bebas dari Belanda. Tetapi setelah akhirnya pemerintah Belanda mengakui secara resmi kemerdekaan Indonesia. Sampai tahun 1965, Indonesia gejolak politik di daalam negeri dan beberapa pemberontakan di sejumlah daerah. Akibatnya, selama pemerintahan orde lama, keadaan perekonomian Indonesia sangat buruk. Seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi yang menurun sejak tahun 1958 dan defisit anggaran pendapatan dan belanja pemerintahan terus membesar dari tahun ke tahun. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dapat disimpulkan bahwa buruknya perekonomian Indonesia selama pemerintahan Orde Lama terutama disebabkan oleh hancurnya infrastruktur ekonomi, fisik, maupun nonfisik selama pendudukan jepang. Dilihat dari aspek politiknya selama periode orde lama, dapat dikatakan Indonesia pernah mengalami sistem politik yang sangat demokratis yang menyebabkan kehancuran politik dan perekonomian nasional</span><span lang="IN">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemerintahan Orde Baru</span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Maret 1966, Indonesia dalam era Orde Baru perhatian pemerintahan lebih ditujukan pada peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat lewat pembangunan ekonomi dan sosial tanah air. Usaha pemerintah tersebut ditambah lagi dengan penyusunan rencana pembaangunan 5 tahun secara bertahap dengan target-target yang jelas sangat dihargai oleh negara-negara barat. Tujuan jangka panjang dari pembangunan ekonomi di Indonesia pada masa Orde Baru adalah meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat melalui suatu proses industrialisasi dalam skala besar. Perubahan ekonomi struktural juga sangat nyata selama masa Orde Baru dimana sektor industri manufaktur meningkat setiap tahun. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan kondisi utama yang harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu agar suatu usaha membangun ekonomi dapat berjalan dengan baik, yaitu sebagai berikut: kemampuan politik yang kuat, stabilitas ekonomi dan politik, SDM yang lebih baik, sistem politik ekonomi terbuka yang berorientasi ke Barat, dan dan kondisi ekonomi dan politik dunia yang lebih baik. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadaan ekonomi keuangan pada masa awal kemerdekaan amat buruk, antara lain disebabkan oleh: Inflasi yang sangat tinggi, disebabkan karena beredarnya lebih dari satu mata uang secara tidak terkendali. Pada waktu itu, untuk sementara waktu pemerintah RI menyatakan tiga mata uang yang berlaku di wilayah RI, yaitu mata uang De Javasche Bank, mata uang pemerintah Hindia Belanda, dan mata uang pendudukan Jepang. Masa Demokrasi Liberal (1950-1957)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gunting Syarifuddin, yaitu pemotongan nilai uang (sanering) 20 Maret 1950, untuk mengurangi jumlah uang yang beredar agar tingkat harga turun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Program Benteng (Kabinet Natsir), yaitu upaya menunbuhkan wiraswastawan pribumi dan mendorong importir nasional agar bisa bersaing dengan perusahaan impor asing dengan membatasi impor barang tertentu dan memberikan lisensi impornya hanya pada importir pribumi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nasionalisasi De Javasche Bank menjadi Bank Indonesia pada 15 Desember 1951 lewat UU no.24 th 1951 dengan fungsi sebagai bank sentral dan bank sirkulasi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem ekonomi Ali-Baba (kabinet Ali Sastroamijoyo I) yang diprakarsai Mr Iskak Cokrohadisuryo, yaitu penggalangan kerjasama antara pengusaha cina dan pengusaha pribumi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemerintahan Transisi</span></strong></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mei 1997, nilai tukar bath Thailand terhadap dolar AS mengalami suatu goncangan yang hebat, hingga akhirnya merembet ke Indonesia dan beberapa negara asia lainnya. Rupiah Indonesia mulai terasa goyang pada bulan juli 1997. Sekitar bulan September 1997, nilai tukar rupiah terus melemah, hingga pemerintah Orde Baru mengambil beberapa langkah konkret, antaranya menunda proyek-proyek dan membatasi anggaran belanja negara. Pada akhir Oktober 1997, lembaga keuangan internasional memberikan paket bantuan keuangaannya pada Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemerintahan Reformasi</span></strong></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Awal pemerintahan reformasi yang dipimpin oleh Presiden Wahid, masyarakat umum menaruh pengharapan besar terhadap kemampuan Gusdur. Dalam hal ekonomi, perekonomian Indonesia mulai menunjukkan adanya perbaikan. Namun selama pemerintahan Gusdur, praktis tidak ada satupun masalah di dalam negeri yang dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Selain itu hubungan pemerintah Indonesia di bawah pimpinan Gusdur dengan IMF juga tidak baik. Ketidakstabilan politik dan sosial yang tidak semakin surut selama pemerintahan Abdurrahman Wahid menaikkan tingkat <em>country risk</em> Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Makin rumitnya persoalan ekonomi ditunjukkan oleh beberapa indikator ekonomi. Seperti pergerakan Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan yang menunjukkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang negatif dan rendahnya kepercayaan pelaku bisnis terhadap pergerakan nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dolar AS</span><span lang="IN">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><strong><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemerintahan Gotong Royong</span></strong></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pemerintahan Megawati mewarisi kondisi perekonomian Indonesia yang jauh lebih buruk daripada masa pemerintahan Gusdur. Inflasi yang dihadapi Kabinet Gotong Royong pimpinan Megawati juga sangat berat. Rendahnya pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia pada masa pemerintahan Megawati disebabkan antara lain masih kurang berkembangnya investor swasta, baik dalam negeri mauoun swasta. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melihat indikator lainnya, yakni nilai tukar rupiah, memang kondisi perekonomian Indonesia pada pemerintahan Megawati lebih baik. Namun tahun 1999 IHSG cenderung menurun, ini disebabkan kurang menariknya perekonomian Indonesia bagi investor, kedua disebabkanoleh tingginya suku bunga deposito.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Macam-macam sistem ekonomi:</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menurut dumairy : sistem ekonomi adalah suatu sistem yang mengatur serta menjalin hubungan ekonomi antar manusia dengan seperangkat kelembagaan dalam ssuatu tatanan kehidupan. Menurut Sanusi : sistem ekonomi merupakan suatu organisasi terdiri dari sejumlah lembaga yang sling mempengaruhi satu dengan yang lainnya</span><span lang="IN">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem ekonomi kapitalis </span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">suatu sistem ekonomi dimana kekayaan yang produktif terutama dimiliki secara pribadi dan produksi terutama dilakukan untuk dijual.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri Kapitalisme :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-Pengakuan yang luas atas hak-hak pribadi <br />-Pemilikan alat-alat produksi di tangan individu<br />-Inidividu bebas memilih pekerjaan/ usaha yang dipandang baik bagi dirinya.<br />-Perekonomian diatur oleh mekanisme pasar<br />-Pasar berfungsi memberikan “signal” kepda produsen dan konsumen dalam bentuk harga-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harga.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-Campur tangan pemerintah diusahakan sekecil mungkin. “The Invisible Hand” yang mengatur perekonomian menjadi efisien. <br />-Motif yang menggerakkan perekonomian mencari laba <br />-Manusia dipandang sebagai mahluk homo-economicus, yang selalu mengejar kepentingann (keuntungan) sendiri.<br />-Paham individualisme didasarkan materialisme, warisan zaman Yunani Kuno (disebut hedonisme).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kebaikan-kebaikan Kapitalisme :</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />- Lebih efisien dalam memanfaatkan sumber-sumber daya dan distribusi barang-barang.<br />- Kreativitas masyarakat menjadi tinggi karena adanya kebebasan melakukan segala hal yang terbaik dirinya. <br />- Pengawasan politik dan sosial minimal, karena tenaga waktu dan biaya yang diperlukan lebih kecil.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelemahan-kelemahan Kapitalisme :</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />- Tidak ada persaingan sempurna. Yang ada persaingan tidak sempurna dan persaingan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>monopolistik. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />- Sistem harga gagal mengalokasikan sumber-sumber secara efisien, karena adanya faktor-faktor eksternalitas (tidak memperhitungkan yang menekan upah buruh dan lain-lain).<br /><br />Kecenderungan Bisnis dalam Kapitalisme :<br />Perkembangan bisnis sangat dipengaruhi oleh sistem ekonomi yang berlaku. Kecenderungan bisnis dalam kapitalisme dewasa ini: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />a) adanya spesialisasi<br />b) adanya produksi massa<br />c) adanya perusahaan berskala besar<br />d) adanya perkembangan penelitian</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Sistem Ekonomi Sosialis </span></i></strong><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">adalah adanya berbagai distorasi dalam mekanisme pasar menyebabkan tidak mungkin bekerja secara efisien, dan bahwa sistem ini bukanlah sistem ekonomi yang tidak memandang penting peranan kapital.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ciri-ciri dari Ekonomi Sosialis :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 10.0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lebih Mengutamakan Kebersamaan (Kolektivisme)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 10.0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Artinya masyarakat dianggap sebagai satu-satunya kenyataan sosial, sebagai individu-individu fiksi belaka. Dan tidak adanya pengakuan atas hak-hak pribadi (individu) dalam sistem sosialis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 10.0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peran Pemerintah Sangat Kuat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 10.0mm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemerintah bertindak aktif mulai dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan hingga tahap pengawasan. Alat-alat produksi dan kebijaksanaan ekonomi semuanya diatur oleh negara.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 10.0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sifat Manusia Ditentukan Oleh Pola Produksi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 10.0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Artinya Pola produksi (aset dikuasai masyarakat) melahirkan kesadaran kolektivisme (masyarakat sosialis) dan Pola produksi (aset dikuasai individu) melahirkan kesadaran individualisme (masyarakat kapitalis)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 10.0mm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem Ekonomi Sosialis mempunyai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kelemahan</i> sebagai berikut :</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sulit melakukan transaksi</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tawar-menawar sangat sukar dilakukan oleh individu yang terpaksa mengorbankan kebebasan pribadinya dan hak terhadap harta milik pribadi hanya untuk mendapatkan makanan sebanyak dua kali. Jual beli sangat terbatas, demikian pula masalah harga juga ditentukan oleh pemerintah, oleh karena itu stabilitas perekonomian Negara sosialis lebih disebabkan tingkat harga ditentukan oleh Negara, bukan ditentukan oleh mekanisme pasar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Membatasi kebebasan</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">System tersebut menolak sepenuhnya sifat mementingkan diri sendiri, kewibawaan individu yang menghambatnyadalam memperoleh kebebasan berfikir serta bertindak, ini menunjukkan secara tidak langsung system ini terikat kepada system ekonomi dictator. Buruh dijadikan budak masyarakat yang memaksanya bekerja seperti mesin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengabaikan pendidikan moral</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam system ini semua kegiatan diambil alih untuk mencapai tujuan ekonomi, sementara pendidikan moral individu diabaikan. Dengan demikian, apabila pencapaian kepuasan kebendaan menjadi tujuan utama dan nlai-nilai moral tidak diperhatikan lagi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adapun kebaikan-kebaikan dari Sistem Ekonomi Sosialis adalah :</span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Disediakannya kebutuhan pokok</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Setiap warga Negara disediakan kebutuhan pokoknya, termasuk makanan dan minuman, pakaian, rumah, kemudahan fasilitas kesehatan, serta tempat dan lain-lain. Setiap individu mendapatkan pekerjaan dan orang yang lemah serta orang yang cacat fisik dan mental berada dalam pengawasan Negara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Didasarkan perencanaan Negara</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Semua pekerjaan dilaksanakan berdasarkan perencanaan Negara Yang sempurna, diantara produksi dengan penggunaannya. Dengan demikian masalah kelebihan dan kekurangan dalam produksi seperti yang berlaku dalam System Ekonomi Kapitalis tidak akan terjadi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Produksi dikelola oleh Negara</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Semua bentuk produksi dimiliki dan dikelola oleh Negara, sedangkan keuntungan yang diperoleh akan digunakan untuk kepentingan-kepentingan Negara.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sistem ekonomi tradisional</i></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> adalah sistem ekonomi di mana kegiatan ekonominya yang masih sangat sederhana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciri-ciri sistem ekonomi tradisional adalah<br />1) masyarakat hidup berkelompok secara kekeluargaan,<br />2) tanah merupakan sumber kehidupan,<br />3) belum mengenal adanya pembagian kerja,<br />4) pertukaran secara barter,<br />5) tingkat dan macam produksi sesuai kebutuhan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sistem ekonomi komando</i></b> adalah sistem ekonomi yang seluruh kegiatan ekonominya diatur oleh pusat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciri-ciri ekonomi komando adalah<br />1) semua sumber dan alat produksi dikuasai negara,<br />2) hak milik perorangan atas alat dan sumber produksi tidak ada,<br />3) kebijakan perekonomian sepenuhnya diatur pusat<br />4) Pembagian kerja diatur negara,<br />5) Masyarakat tidak dapat memilih jenis pekerjaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem ekonomi pasar</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> adalah sistem ekonomi yang sepenuhnya dilaksanakan oleh wisata, dan pemerintah hanya mengawasi jalannya perekonomian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciri-ciri ekonomi pasar adalah<br />1) sumber dan alat produksi dikuasai oleh swasta,<br />2) rakyat diberi kebebasan mengatur sumber dan alat produksi<br />3) munculnya persaingan antarpengusaha<br />4) dalam masyarakat terdapat pembagian kelompok-kelompok, yaitu pemilik faktor produksi dan pekerja / buruh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem ekonomi campuran</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> adalah gabungan dari sistem ekonomi komando dan pasar, berikut ciri-ciri ekonomi pasar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Alat produksi yang vital dikuasai negara<br />2) Alat produksi yang kurang penting dikelola swasta<br />3) Perekonomian dilaksanakan bersama antara pemerintah dan masyarakat<br />4) Hak milik diakui sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan kepentingan umum</span></div>adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-9818352566228367522013-01-28T21:47:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.505-07:00Sejarah Islam di Indonesia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><tt>Sejarah Islam di Indonesia</tt> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pada tahun 30 Hijri atau 651 Masehi, hanya berselang sekitar 20 tahun dari wafatnya Rasulullah SAW, Khalifah Utsman ibn Affan RA mengirim delegasi ke Cina untuk memperkenalkan Daulah Islam yang belum lama berdiri. Dalam perjalanan yang memakan waktu empat tahun ini, para utusan Utsman ternyata sempat singgah di Kepulauan Nusantara. Beberapa tahun kemudian, tepatnya tahun 674 M, Dinasti Umayyah telah mendirikan pangkalan dagang di pantai barat Sumatera. Inilah perkenalan pertama penduduk Indonesia dengan Islam. Sejak itu para pelaut dan pedagang Muslim terus berdatangan, abad demi abad. Mereka membeli hasil bumi dari negeri nan hijau ini sambil berdakwah.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Lambat laun penduduk pribumi mulai memeluk Islam meskipun belum secara besar-besaran. Aceh, daerah paling barat dari Kepulauan Nusantara, adalah yang pertama sekali menerima agama Islam. Bahkan di Acehlah kerajaan Islam pertama di Indonesia berdiri, yakni Pasai. Berita dari Marcopolo menyebutkan bahwa pada saat persinggahannya di Pasai tahun 692 H / 1292 M, telah banyak orang Arab yang menyebarkan Islam. Begitu pula berita dari Ibnu Battuthah, pengembara Muslim dari Maghribi., yang ketika singgah di Aceh tahun 746 H / 1345 M menuliskan bahwa di Aceh telah tersebar mazhab Syafi'i. Adapun peninggalan tertua dari kaum Muslimin yang ditemukan di Indonesia terdapat di Gresik, Jawa Timur. Berupa komplek makam Islam, yang salah satu diantaranya adalah makam seorang Muslimah bernama Fathimah binti Maimun. Pada makamnya tertulis angka tahun 475 H / 1082 M, yaitu pada jaman Kerajaan Singasari. Diperkirakan makam-makam ini bukan dari penduduk asli, melainkan makam para pedagang Arab.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sampai dengan abad ke-8 H / 14 M, belum ada pengislaman penduduk pribumi Nusantara secara besar-besaran. Baru pada abad ke-9 H / 14 M, penduduk pribumi memeluk Islam secara massal. Para pakar sejarah berpendapat bahwa masuk Islamnya penduduk Nusantara secara besar-besaran pada abad tersebut disebabkan saat itu kaum Muslimin sudah memiliki kekuatan politik yang berarti. Yaitu ditandai dengan berdirinya beberapa kerajaan bercorak Islam seperti Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam, Malaka, Demak, Cirebon, serta Ternate. Para penguasa kerajaan-kerajaan ini berdarah campuran, keturunan raja-raja pribumi pra Islam dan para pendatang Arab. Pesatnya Islamisasi pada abad ke-14 dan 15 M antara lain juga disebabkan oleh surutnya kekuatan dan pengaruh kerajaan-kerajaan Hindu / Budha di Nusantara seperti Majapahit, Sriwijaya dan Sunda. Thomas Arnold dalam <i>The Preaching of Islam</i> mengatakan bahwa kedatangan Islam bukanlah sebagai penakluk seperti halnya bangsa Portugis dan Spanyol. Islam datang ke Asia Tenggara dengan jalan damai, tidak dengan pedang, tidak dengan merebut kekuasaan politik. Islam masuk ke Nusantara dengan cara yang benar-benar menunjukkannya sebagai <i>rahmatan lil'alamin</i>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dengan masuk Islamnya penduduk pribumi Nusantara dan terbentuknya pemerintahan-pemerintahan Islam di berbagai daerah kepulauan ini, perdagangan dengan kaum Muslimin dari pusat dunia Islam menjadi semakin erat. Orang Arab yang bermigrasi ke Nusantara juga semakin banyak. Yang terbesar diantaranya adalah berasal dari Hadramaut, Yaman. Dalam <i>Tarikh Hadramaut</i>, migrasi ini bahkan dikatakan sebagai yang terbesar sepanjang sejarah Hadramaut. Namun setelah bangsa-bangsa Eropa Nasrani berdatangan dan dengan rakusnya menguasai daerah-demi daerah di Nusantara, hubungan dengan pusat dunia Islam seakan terputus. Terutama di abad ke 17 dan 18 Masehi. Penyebabnya, selain karena kaum Muslimin Nusantara disibukkan oleh perlawanan menentang penjajahan, juga karena berbagai peraturan yang diciptakan oleh kaum kolonialis. Setiap kali para penjajah - terutama Belanda - menundukkan kerajaan Islam di Nusantara, mereka pasti menyodorkan perjanjian yang isinya melarang kerajaan tersebut berhubungan dagang dengan dunia luar kecuali melalui mereka. Maka terputuslah hubungan ummat Islam Nusantara dengan ummat Islam dari bangsa-bangsa lain yang telah terjalin beratus-ratus tahun. Keinginan kaum kolonialis untuk menjauhkan ummat Islam Nusantara dengan akarnya, juga terlihat dari kebijakan mereka yang mempersulit pembauran antara orang Arab dengan pribumi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Semenjak awal datangnya bangsa Eropa pada akhir abad ke-15 Masehi ke kepulauan subur makmur ini, memang sudah terlihat sifat rakus mereka untuk menguasai. Apalagi mereka mendapati kenyataan bahwa penduduk kepulauan ini telah memeluk Islam, agama seteru mereka, sehingga semangat Perang Salib pun selalu dibawa-bawa setiap kali mereka menundukkan suatu daerah. Dalam memerangi Islam mereka bekerja sama dengan kerajaan-kerajaan pribumi yang masih menganut Hindu / Budha. Satu contoh, untuk memutuskan jalur pelayaran kaum Muslimin, maka setelah menguasai Malaka pada tahun 1511, Portugis menjalin kerjasama dengan Kerajaan Sunda Pajajaran untuk membangun sebuah pangkalan di Sunda Kelapa. Namun maksud Portugis ini gagal total setelah pasukan gabungan Islam dari sepanjang pesisir utara Pulau Jawa bahu membahu menggempur mereka pada tahun 1527 M. Pertempuran besar yang bersejarah ini dipimpin oleh seorang putra Aceh berdarah Arab Gujarat, yaitu Fadhilah Khan Al-Pasai, yang lebih terkenal dengan gelarnya, Fathahillah. Sebelum menjadi orang penting di tiga kerajaan Islam Jawa, yakni Demak, Cirebon dan Banten, Fathahillah sempat berguru di Makkah. Bahkan ikut mempertahankan Makkah dari serbuan Turki Utsmani.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kedatangan kaum kolonialis di satu sisi telah membangkitkan semangat jihad kaum muslimin Nusantara, namun di sisi lain membuat pendalaman akidah Islam tidak merata. Hanya kalangan pesantren (madrasah) saja yang mendalami keislaman, itupun biasanya terbatas pada mazhab Syafi'i. Sedangkan pada kaum Muslimin kebanyakan, terjadi percampuran akidah dengan tradisi pra Islam. Kalangan priyayi yang dekat dengan Belanda malah sudah terjangkiti gaya hidup Eropa. Kondisi seperti ini setidaknya masih terjadi hingga sekarang. Terlepas dari hal ini, ulama-ulama Nusantara adalah orang-orang yang gigih menentang penjajahan. Meskipun banyak diantara mereka yang berasal dari kalangan tarekat, namun justru kalangan tarekat inilah yang sering bangkit melawan penjajah. Dan meski pada akhirnya setiap perlawanan ini berhasil ditumpas dengan taktik licik, namun sejarah telah mencatat jutaan syuhada Nusantara yang gugur pada berbagai pertempuran melawan Belanda. Sejak perlawanan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam di abad 16 dan 17 seperti Malaka (Malaysia), Sulu (Filipina), Pasai, Banten, Sunda Kelapa, Makassar, Ternate, hingga perlawanan para ulama di abad 18 seperti Perang Cirebon (Bagus rangin), Perang Jawa (Diponegoro), Perang Padri (Imam Bonjol), dan Perang Aceh (Teuku Umar).</div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> 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Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0mm 5.4pt 0mm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0mm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style><![endif]-->adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-39219145526308616272013-01-28T21:32:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.600-07:00Memahami struktur sosial serta berbagai faktor penyebab konflik dan mobilitas sosial.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> 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margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-indent: -106.35pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Memahami struktur sosial serta berbagai faktor penyebab konflik dan mobilitas sosial. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-indent: -106.35pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-indent: -106.35pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Standar kompetensi :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memahami struktur sosial serta berbagai faktor penyebab konflik dan mobilitas sosial.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-indent: -106.35pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kompetensi Dasar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendeskripsikan bentuk-brntuk struktur sosial dalam fenomena kehidupan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-indent: -106.35pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-indent: -106.35pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 106.35pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-indent: -106.35pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Struktur Sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Struktur sosial melipti unsur-unsur seperti pranata, kedudukan sosial, dan peranan sosial. Konsep struktur sosial secara etimologis berasal dari kata struktur yang artinya susunan serta kata sosial yang dalam konteks ini diartikan masyarakat. Unsur-unsur pokok struktur sosial suatu masyarakat meliputi kelompok-kelompok sosial, lembaga-lembaga sosial, kaidah atau norma-norma sosial, dan lapisan-lapisan sosial. Beberapa definnisi struktur sosial :</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0mm;" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Raymond Flirt</span></b></li></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Struktur sosial merupakan suatu pergaulan hidup manusia meliputi berbagai tipe kelompok yang terjadi dari banyak orang dan meliputi pula lembaga-lembaga dimana orang banyak tersebut ambil bagian. </span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0mm;" type="A"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hendro Puspito (….?)</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Soerjono Soekanto (….?)</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">C.W. Derajat. BSW (…?)</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #1d1b11; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">E. R. Lanch (…?)</span></li></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jadi struktur sosial berarti susunan dan jalinan unsur-unsur pokok yang ada dalam masyarakat yang di dalamnya terkandung hubungan timbale balik antara status dan peranan dengan batas-batas perangkat unsur-unsur sosial yang menunjukkan pada suatu keteraturan prilaku sehingga dapat memberikan bentuk sebagai suatu masyarakat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Ciri-ciri Struktur Sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 10.0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mencakup semua hubungan sosial antar individu pada saat tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 10.0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Merupakan seluruh kebudayaan masyarakat yang dapat dilihat dari sudut pandang teoritis. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 10.0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Merupakan realita sosial yang bersifat statis sehingga dapat dilihat kerangka tatanan yang berbentuk struktur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 10.0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengacu pada hubungan sosial pokok yang dapat memberikan bentuk dasar pada masyarakat dan memberikan batas pada aksi-aksi yang kemungkinan besar dilakukan secara organisatoris. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 10.0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. Fungsi Struktur Sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 10.0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sebagai pengawasan sosial (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sosial control</i>). Merupakan penekanan terhadap pelanggaran nilai dan norma masyarakat sehingga disiplin kelompok dapat dipertahankan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 10.0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sebagai dasar dalam menanamkan disiplin sosial (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">discipline control</i>). Akibatnya perbedaan paham dapat dikurangi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 10.0mm; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. Elemen Dasar Pembentuk Struktur Sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Status sosial </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adalah posisi atau kedudukan yang disandang seseorang dalam masyarakat, meliputi keseluruhan posisi sosial yang terdapat dalam suatu kelompok besar masyarakat, dari yang paling rendah hingga paling tinggi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Seorang individu memiliki status sosial dengan cara seperti berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ascriebed Status</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adalah status sosial yang diperoleh secara alami atau secara langsung. Contoh : status laki-laki, perempuan dan anak bangsawan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Achieved Status</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adalah status sosial yang diperoleh dengan cara diperjuangkan. Contoh : polisi, guru, pelajar, presiden, mentri, kepala sekolah, manager, dll.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Assigned Status</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adalah status sosial yang diperoleh secara otomatis dan melalui usaha. Contoh : gelar kepahlawanan, pelajar teladan, dan tokoh penerima penghargaan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Peran sosial</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Merupakan sikap dan prilaku yang harus diperbuat seseorang sesuai dengan status sosial yang disandangnya dalam masyarakat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kelompok</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adalah sejumlah orang yang memiliki norma-norma, nilai-nilai dan harapan yang sama, serta secara sadar dan teratur saling berinteraksi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Institusi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adalah pola terorganisasi dari kepercayaan dan prilaku yang dipusatkan pada kebutuhan dasar sosial. Meliputi keluarga, agama, dan pemerintahan yang merupakan aspek fundamental dari struktur sosial. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. Difrensiasi Sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berasal dari bahasa inggris, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">diffrerence</i>, yang berarti perbedaan. Secara istilah pengertian difrensiasi sosial sebagai pembedaan penduduk atau masyarakat yang sifatnya horizontal yang menunjukkan perbedaan hak dan kewajiban karena perbedaan latar belakang baik secara fisik maupun sosial. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. Ciri-ciri Difrensisasi Sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ciri-ciri fisik, ditandai oleh perbedaan warna kulit, bentuk mata, rambut, hidung, muka, dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ciri-ciri sosial, ditandai oleh perbedaan pekerjaan yang menimbulkan cara pandang dan prilaku yang berbeda, seperti peran sosial, status sosial, prestise, dan kekuasaan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ciri-ciri budaya, ditandai oleh pandangan hidup suatu masyarakat menyangkut nilai-nilai yang dianutnya, seperti religi atau kepercayaan, sistem kekeluargaan, keuletan dan ketangguhan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. Bentuk-bentuk difrensiasi sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Difrensiasi ras berarti pengelompokan masyarakat berdasarkan ciri-ciri fisiknya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengelompokan masyarakat membentuk delapan criteria diferensiasi social, antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diferensiasi berdasarkan Ras</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ras adalah suatu kelompok manusia yang memiliki cirri-ciri fisik bawaan yang sama. Diperensiasi ras adalah pengelompokan masyarakat berdasarkan ciri-ciri fisiknya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secara garis besar manusia terbagi kedalam ras-ras sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A..L. Krober</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Austroloid, mencakup penduduk asli Australia (Aborigin).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mongoloid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\ALNURI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\OICE_2BDA0B16-DC6E-454D-8E40-017303B6A94B.0\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Asiatik Mongoloid (Asia Utara, Asia Tengah dan Asia Timur).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\ALNURI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\OICE_2BDA0B16-DC6E-454D-8E40-017303B6A94B.0\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Malayan Mongoloid (Asia Tenggara dan Penduduk Asli Taiwan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\ALNURI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\OICE_2BDA0B16-DC6E-454D-8E40-017303B6A94B.0\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">American Mongoloid (Penduduk asli Amerika).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kaukasoid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nordic (Erofa Utara, sekitar Laut Baltik).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alpine (Erofa Tengah dan Erofa Timur).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mediterania (sekitar Laut Tengah, Afrika Utara, Armenia, Arab, Iran).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indic (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Langka).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Negroid</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>African Negroid (Benua Afrika).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Negrito (Afrika Tengah, Semenanjung Malaya yang dikenal dengan nama orang Semang, Filipina).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Malanesian (Irian, Melanesia).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ras-ras Khusus (tidak dapat diklasifikasikan kedalam empat ras pokok)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bushman (gurun Kalahari, Afrika Selatan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Veddoid (pedalaman Sri Langka, Sulawesi Selatan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Polynesian (kepulauan Micronesia, dan Polinesia).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ainu ( di pulau Hokkaido dan Karafuto Jepang).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Indonesia didiami oleh bermacam-macam Sub Ras, antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Negrito, suku Semang di Semenanjung Malaya dan sekitarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Veddoid, suku Sakai di Riau, Kubu di Sumatra Selatan, Toala dan Tomuna di Sulawesi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neo Melanosoid, kepulauan Kei dan Aru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Melayu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Melayu Tua (Proto Melayu), orang Batak, Toraja dan Dayak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Melayu Muda (Deutro Melayu), orang Aceh, Minang, Bugis/Makasar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diferensiasi Suku Bangsa (Etnis)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menurut Hassan Shadily MA, suku bangsa atau etnis adalah segolongan rakyat yang masih dianggap mempunyai hubungan biologis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diferensiasi suku bangsa merupakan penggolongan manusia berdasarkan ciri-ciri biologis yang sama, seperti ras, namun suku bangsa memiliki kesamaan budaya sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ciri fisik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bahasa daerah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesenian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adat-istiadat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Suku bangsa yang ada di Indonesia yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pulau Sumatra : Aceh, Batak, Minangkabau, Bengkuku, Jambi, Palembang, Melayu dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pulau Jawa : Sunda, Jawa, Tengger dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pulau Kalimantan : Dayak, Banjar dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">· <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pulau Sulawesi : Bugis, Toraja, Minahasa, Toil-Toli, Makassar, Bolaang-mangondow, Gorontalo dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara : Bali, Bima Lombok, Flores, Timoer, Rote.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepulauan Maluku dan Irian : Ternate, Tidore, Dani Asmat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diferensiasi Klen (Clan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Klen / kerabat luas / keluarga besar. Klen merupakan kesatuan keturunan (genealogis), kesatuan kepercayaan (religiomagis) dan kesatuan adapt (tradisi). Klen adalah system social berdasarkan ikatan darah atau keturunan yang sama umumnya terjadi di masyarakat unilateral baik melalui garis ayah (patrilineal) atau ibu (matrilineal).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klen atas dasar garis keturunan ayah (patrilineal) terdapat pada:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masyarakat Batak (sebutan Marga)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marga Batak Karo : Ginting, Sembiring, Singarimbun, Barus, Tambun, Paranginangin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marga Batak Toba : Nababan, Simatupang, Siregar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marga Batak Mandailing : Harahap, Rangkuti, Nasution, Batubara, Daulay.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masyarakat Minahasa (klennya disebut Fam) antara lain : Mandagi, Lasut, Tombokan, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pangkarego, Paat, Supit.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masyrakat Ambon (klennya disebut Fam) antara lain : Pattinasarani, Latuconsina, Lotul, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Manuhutu, Goeslaw.</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masyarakat Flores (klennya disebut Fam) antara lain : Fernandes, Wangge, Da Costa, Leimena, Kleden, De-Rosari, Paeira.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Klen atas dasar garis keturunan ibu (matrilineal) antara lain terdapat pada masyarakat :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Minangkabau, klennya disebut suku yang merupakan gabungan dari kampung-kampung, nama klennya antara lain : Koto, Piliang, Chaniago, Sikumbang, Melayu, Solo, Dalimo, Kampai dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masyarakat Flores, yaitu suku Ngadu juga menggunakan system matrilineal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diferensiasi Agama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diferensiasi agama adalah pengelompokan masyarakat berdasarkan agama/kepercayaannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komponen-komponen Agama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emosi keagamaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>System keyakinan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Upacara keagamaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tempat ibadah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">·<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Umat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Agama dan Masyarakat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam perkembangan agama mempengaruhi masyarakat begitu juga masyarakat mempengaruhi agama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diferensiasi Profesi (pekerjaan)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diferensiasi profesi adalah pengelompokan masyarakat atas dasar jenis pekerjaan atau profesinya. Profesi biasanya berkaitan dengan keterampilan khusus. Misal profesi guru memerlukan keterampilan khusus, seperti: pandai berbicara, bisa membimbing, sabar dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berdasarkan perbedaan profesi orang dimasyarakat berprofesi: guru, dokter, pedagang, buruh, pegawai negri, tentara dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diferensiasi Jenis Kelamin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jenis kelamin merupakan kategori dalam masyarakat yang didasarkan pada perbedaan seks atau jenis kelamin (perbedaan biologis). Perbedaan biologis ini dapat kita lihat dari struktur organ reproduksi, bentuk tubuh, suara, dan sebagainya. Atas dasar itu maka ada kelompok laki-laki/pria dan kelompok wanita/perempuan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diferensiasi Asal Daerah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Diferensiasi ini merupakan pengelompokan manusia berdasarkan asal daerah atau tempat tinggalnya, desa atau kota. Terbagi menjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masyarakat desa : kelompok orang yang tinggal di pedesaan atau berasal dari desa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masyarakat kota : kelompok orang yang tinggal di perkotaan atau berasal dari kota.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perbedaan orang desa dengan orang kota dapat ditemukan dalam hal-hal berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perilaku</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tutur kata</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cara berpakaian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cara menghias rumah dan sebagainya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengaruh Difrensiasi Sosial terhadap Interseksi dan Konsolidasi Sosial</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\ALNURI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\OICE_2BDA0B16-DC6E-454D-8E40-017303B6A94B.0\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Interseksi sosial adalah proses terjadinya persilangan keanggotaan masyarakat dalam kelompok-kelompok sosial akibat keterbukaan dalam difrensiasi sosial. Interseksi terjadi antara ras dan agama, antar suku bangsa dan klan, antara pendidikan dan profesi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\ALNURI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\OICE_2BDA0B16-DC6E-454D-8E40-017303B6A94B.0\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kata konsolidasi berasal dari bahasa Latin "consolidation" yang artinya penguatan. Jadi proses interseksi dan konsolidasi keanggotaan masyarakat dalam kelompok sosial berarti membahas terjadinya persilangan antara anggota masyarakat dalam kelompok yang ada di dalam masyarakat dan usaha mengintegrasikan anggota kelompok ke dalam kelompok yang ada dalam kehidupan sosial masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0mm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0mm; margin-top: 0mm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\ALNURI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\OICE_2BDA0B16-DC6E-454D-8E40-017303B6A94B.0\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jadi Konsolidasi adalah suatu peneguhan atau penguasaan sikap individu atas keanggotaan yang tumpang tindih dalam berbagai kelompok sosial ke dalam wadah yang memiliki unsur-unsur kesamaan.</span></div>adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-44789185047419796152013-01-27T21:03:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.699-07:00Classmates: A Popular Social Networking WebsiteClassmates: A Popular Social Networking Website<br /><br />Have you ever wondered whatever happened to your high school sweetheart? How about your best friend who you lost contact with overtime? If you have there is a good chance that you have tried to contact them. Unfortunately, many individuals get married or move away. This may make it difficult to contact those that you used to know. That is unless you join one of the most popular online social networking websites. That website is known as Classmates.<br /><br />Although classmates is considered a social networking website, it is, in a way, unique from most of the others. This is because classmates focuses on connections that were made in school, whether it be elementary school, high school, or college. Although it is encouraged that you contact those that you know from school, you are able to contact just about anyone on the website. That is one of the many features of Classmates that makes the social networking site worth joining.<br /><br />The only problem that many internet users have with Classmates is the fact that it is often requires a paid membership. There is a free membership plan that is available, but you are limited with what you can do on the site. Despite the fact that you have to become a paid member to enjoy what Classmates has to offer, it is well worth it. In addition to being well worth it, the membership fee is easy to afford. Currently, there are three different levels of membership that you can sign up for, the highest being only five dollars a month. <br /><br />If you are interested in seeing what Classmates has to offer, you can easily do so by visiting their online website at www.classmates.com. Once at their main page, you will have to go through the process of selecting your school. Once that has been done, you will then need to create a user profile. This profile is part of what will be displayed on the website; however, once you officially become a member you can add more information to your profile. <br /><br />With a free membership, you can post your own profile and view profiles from other members. Viewing the profiles of other members, especially those that you went to school with, is easy. Classmates has separated everyone into categories. These categories not only include the schools that everyone went to, but the years that they attended. This means that whether you graduated in 1970 or 2000, you should easily be able to obtain information on your classmates. <br /><br />Although you can view other member profiles with a free membership, you cannot contact them. To make contact with those that you have lost touch with, you will need to become a paying member. As previously mentioned, this membership is relatively easy to afford. Once you have become a paid member, you cannot not only contact your classmates individually, but you can also send out broadcast messages or announcements to everyone that you went to school with. A paid membership also gives you the ability to use the message boards. <br /><br />By joining Classmates, you will not only be able to make contact with your old classmates and friends, but you may also even be able to renew old friendships or make new ones. Reconnecting with your old friends and making new ones, what could be better than that?<br /><br />PPPPP<br /><br />Word Count 555<br />adminhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02934523652059544105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3540727900924421138.post-48267465707484407682013-01-19T02:34:00.000-08:002013-03-26T18:47:19.792-07:00Naskah Asli "Als ik eens Nederlander was… " Karya Besar Ki Hajar Dewantoro<!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> 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mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:IN;} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Naskah Asli "Als ik eens Nederlander was… " Karya Besar Ki Hajar Dewantoro :</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Als ik eens Nederlander was…</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span><span lang="IN"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh: R.M. Soewardi Soerjaningrat<br /></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam makalah-makalah harian sekarang banyak sekali dipropaganda gagasan untuk mengadakan suatu pesta besar di Hindia; pesta satu abad Kemerdekaan negeri Belanda. Bagi penduduk di daerah-daerah ini tidak boleh dilewatkan begitu saja bahwa pada bulan November yang akan datang, tepat seratus tahun yang lalu, negeri Belanda menjadi Kerajaan dan merupakan suatu bangsa yang merdeka, walaupun dalam kedudukan tersebut negeri ini mendapat tempat yang paling akhir dalam barisan negara-negara yang berkuasa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memang, dilihat dari sudut kewajaran, banyak hal yang patut dikecam mengenai perayaan peristiwa nasional mendatang ini, oleh karena menunjukkan betapa besar cinta mereka terhadap tanah airnya di mana nenek moyang mereka pernah menunjukkan kepahlawanannya. Peringatan itu akan merupakan pencetusan seluruh rasa kebangsaan mereka atas berhasilnya bangsa Belanda melepaskan diri dari penindasan penjajah asing satu abad yang lalu dan membentuk suatu bangsa sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saya dengan mudah dapat menyelami perasaan patriotisme Belanda yang ada pada mereka sekarang, mereka yang dapat merayakan hari ulang tahunnya. Karena saya pun seorang patriot, dan seperti orang Belanda yang beraliran nasional murni yang mencintai Tanah Airnya, saya pun mencintai Tanah Air saya lebih daripada yang dapat saya katakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Betapa menyenangkan, betapa nikmatnya bila dapat memperingati suatu peristiwa nasional yang begitu besar artinya. Saya ingin sekali menjadi orang Belanda, walaupun hanya untuk sementara saja, bukan seorang Belanda Lembaran Negara Hindia Belanda (<i>Staatsblad-nederlander</i>), tetapi seorang Belanda yang sebenarnya, anak negeri Belanda Raya, bebas dari segala percampuran darah asing. Betapa saya akan bersuka-cita, bila hari yang didamba-dambakan dalam bulan Desember yang akan datang ini tiba, hari pesta-pora kemerdekaan. Betapa saya akan bersorak-sorai melihat bendera Belanda dengan jumbai jingga di atasnya melambai-lambai dengan bebasnya. Saya akan turut menyanyikan lagu “Wilhelmus“ (Lagu Kebangsaan Belanda – penterj.) dan “Wien Neerlands bloed“ sampai suaraku parau, bila nanti musik dilagukan orang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saya mungkin akan merasa bangga atas segala luapan perasan itu; saya akan bersyukur kepada Tuhan di gereja Kristen atas kebaikannya, saya akan memanjatkan permohonan, memanjatkan do’a kepada Tuhan di sorga untuk terpeliharanya kekuasaan negeri Belanda, juga di daerah-daerah jajahan ini, sehingga kami masih tetap dapat mempertahankan kebesaran kami dengan dukungan kekuasaan yang luar biasa besarnya. Saya akan minta kepada semua orang Belanda di Kepulauan Hindia ini uang sumbangan, bukan hanya untuk keperluan pesta saja, melainkan juga untuk rencana armada laut Colijn, yang demikian gigih berusaha untuk mempertahankan kemerdekaan Belanda, saya akan……entah apa lagi, tak tahulah saya apa yang masih akan saya lakukan, senadainya saya seorang Belanda; karena saya kira saya akan berani berbuat apa saja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ah, tidak juga! Seandainya saya orang Belanda, belum tentu saya berani berbuat segala-galanya. Memang, saya akan berharap agar pesta-pora hari kemerdekaan itu diselenggarakan semeriah mungkin, akan tetapi saya tidak ingin kaum pribumi di daerah-daerah ini turut serta dalam perayaan H.U.T. tersebut, akan saya larang mereka turut dalam bersuka-cita dalam perayaan-perayaan itu, bahkan tempat berpesta-pora ingin kupagari, agar orang-orang pribumi tidak dapat melihat sedikit pun kegembiraan kami yang meluap-luap dalam memperingati hari kemerdekaan kami itu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nampaknya seperti kurang sopan, menurut perasaan saya, seolah-olah kami sudah tidak tahu malu, sungguh tidak pantas, bila kami – saya masih tetap orang Belanda dalam angan-angan saya – menyuruh orang pribumi turut bersorak-sorai pada peringatan kemerdekaan kami. Kami pertama-tama melukai rasa harga diri (kehormatan) mereka yang peka itu, karena kami di tanah tumpah darah mereka yang kita jajah ini memperingati hari kemerdekaan kami sendiri. Kita sekarang bersuka-cita oleh karena seratus tahun yang lalu kami terlepas dari jajahan kekuasaan asing, dan kesemuanya itu akan dilakukan di hadapan mata mereka yang hingga sekarang masih tetap dijajah oleh kami. Tidakkah sebaiknya kita memikirkan, bahwa mereka yang tertindas sangat mendambakan saat di mana mereka seperti kami sekarang akan dapat pula merayakan pesta-pora seperti ini?! Atau apakah mungkin kami mengira bahwa kami, setelah menjalankan politik penindasan yang mematikan jiwa selama berabad-abad itu, telah membunuh segala perasaan dalam jiwa mereka secara tuntas? Kalau begitu, kami benar-benar akan terkecoh, sebab bahkan bangsa-bangsa yang paling tidak beradab sekali pun mengutuk segala bentuk penjajahan. Maka, seandainya saya ini orang Belanda, tidak akan saya adakan pesta peringatan kemerdekaan di suatu negeri, yang rakyatnya telah kita rampas kemerdekaannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila kita mengikuti jalan pikiran ini seluruhnya maka bukan saja hal yang demikian itu tidak adil, melainkan sungguh tidak pantas untuk meminta kaum pribumi memberikan sumbangannya untuk dana penyelenggaraan pesta tersebut. Sudah kita hina mereka dengan gagasan memperingati hari kemerdekaan Belanda dengan berpesta-pora, sekarang ditambah lagi dengan menguras habis dompet mereka. Betul-betul suatu penghinaan moral maupun material!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah yang ingin mereka capai dengan mengadakan segala pesta-pora itu di sini, di Hindia? Bila itu dimaksudkan sebagai luapan kegembiraan, maka kiranya tidak bijaksana untuk melakukannya di sini, di suatu negara yang dijajah. Mereka melukai hati rakyat negeri ini. Atau apakah mereka hendak menjadikan suatu pertunjukan kemegahan secara politik! Bila benar demikian, maka tindakan politik yang demikian itu benar-benar sangat tidak politis. Lebih-lebih di waktu-waktu sekarang, di kala rakyat Hindia sedang sibuk membina diri dan berada dalam keadaan hendak bangun walaupun masih agak mengantuk, merupakan suatu kesalahan taktik untuk memberikan kepada rakyat suatu contoh tentang bagaimana mereka pada suatu waktu harus merayakan kemerdekaan mereka. Dengan demikian rakyat digugah nafsunya; secara tidak sadar hasrat kemerdekaan mereka, harapan akan merdeka di hari mendatang dibina. Tanpa sengaja kepada rakyat diserukan: “Lihatlah, orang-orang, bagaimana kami memperingati hari kemerdekaan kami; cintailah kemerdekaan, karena sungguh-sungguh merupakan suatu kenikmatan untuk menjadi orang merdeka, bebas dari semua penjajahan!“</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bila bulan November tahun ini telah lampau, maka kaum penjajah Belanda telah melakukan suatu tindakan politik yang sangat berani. Resikonya adalah tanggungjawab mereka. Saya tidak mau memikulnya walaupun umpamanya saya orang Belanda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seandainya saya orang Belanda, pada saat ini, maka saya akan memprotes gagasan peringatan ini. Saya akan menulis di semua surat kabar bahwa tindakan ini salah. Saya akan memperingatkan sesama kaum kolonialku, bahwa berbahaya mengadakan pesta kemerdekaan di waktu-waktu ini, akan saya nasihatkan semua orang Belanda untuk tidak menyakiti hati rakyat Hindia Belanda – yang sedang bangkit dan telah menyakiti hati rakyat Hindia itu – dan tidak membuatnya menjadi kurang ajar. Sungguh, saya akan mengajukan protes dengan segala kekuatanku.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akan tetapi……saya bukan orang Belanda, saya hanya seorang anak negeri daerah panas ini, kulitku berwarna coklat, seorang pribumi di daerah jajahan negeri Belanda, maka dari itu saya tidak akan mengajukan protes.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebab, seandainya saya mengajukan protes, maka orang tidak terima. Bukankah dengan demikian saya akan menghina rakyat negeri Belanda yang memerintah di negeriku ini dan saya akan menjauhkan mereka dari saya. Itu saya tidak mau, saya tidak boleh berbuat demikian. Seandainya saya orang Belanda, bukankah saya tidak mau menyakiti hati rakyat kaum pribumi?!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lagi pula mungkin orang akan mengatakan saya ini kurang ajar terhadap Seri Ratu yang kita muliakan, dan akan merupakan dosa yang tidak dapat dimaafkan, karena saya adalah kawulanya (abdinya – penterj.) yang senantiasa harus setia kepadanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Maka dari itu saya tidak mengajukan protes!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bahkan sebaliknya, saya akan turut berpesta. Bila nanti dipungut sumbangan, saya pun akan menyumbang walaupun dengan demikian anggaran belanjaku akan terpaksa kuperkecil menjadi separuh dari biasanya. Kewajibanku sebagai inlander (orang pribumi) di daerah jajahan negeri Belanda (<i>Nederlandsche Kolonie</i>) untuk turut memperingati hari kemerdekaan negeri Belanda secara meriah. Saya akan minta kepada kawan-kawan sebangsaku dan sesama kawula negara Belanda untuk turut serta dalam pesta itu, sebab walaupun pesta itu mempunyai arti khusus bagi orang-orang Belanda, namun kita pun mendapat kesempatan yang paling baik untuk menunjukkan kesetiaan dan kesamarasaan kita kepada Nederland (negeri Belanda). Selain daripada itu kita akan mengadakan “demonstrasi setiahati”. Betapa nikmatnya perasaan hatiku nanti. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saya bersyukur bahwa saya bukan orang Belanda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekarang, marilah kita kesampingkan segala sindiran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seperti yang saya katakan pada permulaan karangan ini peringatan ke seratus tahun kemerdekaan negeri Belanda yang telah kita sebut di atas menunjukkan dengan baik kesetiaan kepada tanah air yang sudah banyak sekali didengung-dengungkan itu, dalam hal ini dari pihak orang-orang Belanda. Maka dari itu saya tidak akan cemburu sedikitpun terhadap kegembiraan meluap-luap yang akan dirasakan oleh mereka pada hari peringatan kemerdekaan nasionalnya nanti. Akan tetapi, yang paling menyakiti hati saya dan kebanyakan kawan-kawan sesama bangsa saya adalah kenyataan, bahwa orang-orang pribumi lagi-lagi harus turut membayar untuk hal-hal yang sama sekali tidak ada hubungannya dengan kepentingan mereka. Apa yang dapat kita harapkan dari pesta yang kita turut menyelenggarakannya itu? Tidak ada, paling banyak suatu peringatan bagi kita, bahwa kita bukan bangsa yang merdeka dan “bahwa Belanda takkan pernah memberikan kedaulatan kepada kita”, sedikit-dikitnya selama tuan Idenburg tetap memegang jabatan wali negara, lalu – aneh sekali – pelajaran yang akan kita peroleh dari pesta-pesta tersebut: bahwa merupakan suatu kewajiban bagi setiap orang untuk memperingati hari pernyataan kemerdekaan bangsanya dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh Karena itu, saya lebih cenderung kepada gagasan yang akhir-akhir ini untuk pertama kali diuraikan dalam koran pribumi “Kaoem Moeda” dan dalam “De Express”, untuk mendirikan suatu panitia kaum pribumi terpelajar di Bandung, tempat yang mencetuskan gagasan tersebut dan tempat berdirinya kantor pusat panitia tersebut. Badan itu pada hari peringatan nasional Belanda akan mengirimkan sebuah telegram ucapan selamat kepada Ratu disertai pernohonan yang mendesak agar pasal 111 RR (<i>Regeeringsreglement </i>– Peraturan Pemerintah) dihapus dan suatu Parlemen Hindia dibentuk.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hasil dari pernohonan tersebut – apa lagi yang mengenai bagian terakhir – lebih baik tidak usah kita pikirkan; arti dari tindakan itu sendiri sudah dapat merupakan sesuatu yang berharga. Bukankah suatu permohonan seperti itu sudah mengandung protes yang menyatakan pertama-tama, bahwa kita hingga kini sama sekali tidak diberi hak untuk membicarakan masalah-masalah politik, behwa dengan kata lain kita sama sekali tidak diberi kebebasan dalam bidang tersebut? Suatu bangsa yang sangat mencintai kemerdekaan seperti rakyat negeri Belanda yang sekarang akan mengadakan pesta kemerdekaannya tentu akan membenarkan permohonan seperti itu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang mengenai pembentukan parlemen, di situ nampak dengan jelas betapa besarnya hasrat kita untuk cout que cout (bagaimanapun juga) mempunyai suara dalam bagian ini. Ini memang sangat perlu. Di mana bangkitnya rakyat Hindia telah cukup membuktikan bahwa emansipasi telah berlaku dengan laur biasa cepatnya, tentu orang pun dapat juga memperhitungkan adanya kemungkinan bahwa rakyat yang sekarang mereka jajah pada suatu ketika akan melebihi majikannya. Apa nanti yang akan terjadi bila empat puluh juta orang yang telah bangun benar datang memintakan pertanggunganjawab kepada seratus orang yang harus membentuk de Tweede Kamer dan dinamakan perwakilan rakyat itu? Apakah mereka lebih suka menyerah kelak kalau sudah terlambat, kalau krisis sudah terjadi?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedengarannya agak aneh bahwa panitia yang disebut-sebut di atas justru minta sebuah parlemen. Sedangkan pihak pemerintah, dengan lamban sekali, baru mulai dengan pembentukan suatu perwakilan kolonial yang mungkin sekali anggota-anggotanya hanya orang-orang yang dipilih dan diangkat oleh Pemerintah sebagai (apa yang dinamakan) utusan dalam dewan daerah – bahkan panitia dengan tergesa-gesa datang begitu saja membawa sebuah usul yang hebat sekali, tak lebih dan tak kurang dari mohon sebuah parlemen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nampaknya yang dituju oleh Panitia jiwa dapat dihapuskan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nah, lihat, sekarang sudah ada pengaruh gagasan peringatan tersebut!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sungguh, seandainya saya ini orang Belanda, maka saya tak akan pernah mau merayakan pesta peringatan seperti itu di sini, di suatu negeri yang kita jajah. 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