Cara pengambilan minyak Atsiri

Pada pengolahan minyak dan lemak, pengerjaan yang dilakukan tergantung pada sifat alami minyak atau lemak tersebut dan juga tergantung dari hasil akhir yang dikehendaki

A. EKSTRAKSI

Ekstraksi adalah suatu cara untuk mendapatkan minyak atau lemak dari bahan yang diduga mengandung minyak atau lemak. Adapun cara ekstraksi ini bermacam-macam, yaitu rendering (dry rendering dan wet rendering), dan solvent extraction.

1. RENDERING

Rendering merupakan suatu cara ekstraksi minyak atau lemak dari bahan yang diduga mengandung minyak atau lemak dengan kadar air yang tinggi. Pada semua cara rendering, penggunaan panas adalah suatu hal yang spesifik, yang bertujuan untuk menggumpalkan protein pada dinding sel bahan dan untuk memecahkan dinding sel tersebut sehingga mudah ditembus oleh minyak atau lemak yang terkandung di dalamnya.

Menurut pengerjaannya rendering dibagi dalam dua cara yaitu: wet rendering dan dry rendering.

1.a. Wet Rendering

Wet rendering adalah proses rendering dengan penambahan sejumlah air seiama berlangsungnya proses tersebut. Cara ini dikerjakan pada ketel yang terbuka atau tertutup dengan menggunakan temperatur yang tinggi serta tekanan 40 sampai 60 pound tekanan uap (40-60 psi). Penggunaan temperatur rendah dalam proses wet rendering dilakukan jika diinginkan flavor netral dari minyak atau lemak. Bahan yang akan diekstraksi ditempatkan pada ketel yang dilengkapi dengan alat pengaduk, kemudian air ditambahkan dan campuran tersebut dipanaskan perlahan-lahan sampai suhu 50°C sambil diaduk. Minyak yang terekstraksi akan naik ke atas dan kemudian dipisahkan. Proses wet rendering dengan menggunakan temperatur rendah kurang begitu populer, sedangkan proses wet rendering dengan mempergunakar. temperatur yang tinggi disertai tekanan uap air, dipergunakan untuk menghasilkan minyak atau lemak dalam jumlah yang besar. Peralatar yang dipergunakan adalah autoclave atau digester. Air dan bahan yang akan diekstraksi dimasukkan ke dalam digester dengan tekanar. uap air sekitar 40 sampai 60 pound seiama 4-6 jam.

1. b. Dry Rendering

Dry rendering adalah cara rendering tanpa penambahan air selama proses berlangsung. Dry rendering dilakukan dalam ketel yang terbuka dan dilengkapi dengan steam jacket serfa alat pengaduk (agitator). Bahan yang diperkirakan mengandung minyak atau lemak dimasukkan ke dalam ketel tanpa penambahan air. Bahan tadi dipanaskan sambil diaduk. Pemanasan dilakukan pada suhu 220°F sampai 230°F (105°C~110°C). Ampas bahan yang telah diambil minyaknya akan diendapkan pada dasar ketel. Minyak atau lemak yang dihasilkan dipisahkan dari ampas yang telah mengendap dan pengambilan minyak dilakukan dari bagian atas ketel.

2. EKSTRAKSI DENGAN PELARUT (SOLVENT EXTRACTION)

Prinsip dari proses ini adalah ekstraksi dengan melarutkan minyak dalam pelarut minyak dan lemak. Pada cara ini dihasilkan bungkil dengan kadar minyak yang rendah yaitu sekitar 1 persen atau lebih rendah, dan mutu minyak kasar yang dihasilkan cenderung menyerupai hasil dengan cara expeller pressing, karena sebagian fraksi bukan minyak akan ikut terekstraksi. Pelarut minyak atau lemak yang biasa dipergunakan dalam proses ekstraksi dengan pelarut menguap adalah petroleum eter, gasoline karbon disulfida, karbon tetraklorida, benzene dan n-heksan. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa jumlah pelarut menguap atau hilang tidak boleh lebih dari 5 persen. Bila lebih, seluruh sistem soIvent extraction perlu diteliti lagi.

B. PENGEPRESAN MEKANIS (MECHANICAL EXPRESSION)

Pengepresan mekanis merupakan suatu cara ekstraksi minyak atau lemak, terutama untuk bahan yang berasal dari biji-bijian. Cara ini dilakukan untuk memisahkan minyak dari bahan yang berkadar minyak tinggi (30-70 persen). Pada pengepresan mekanis ini diperlukan perlakuan pendahuluan sebelum minyak atau lemak dipisahkan dari bijinya. Perlakuan pendahuluan tersebut mencakup pembuatan serpih, perajangan dan penggilingan serta tempering atau pemasakan.

Tahap-tahap yang dilakukan dalam proses pemisahan minyak dengan cara pengepresan mekanis dapat dilihat pada Gambar.

Dua cara yang umum dalam pengepresan mekanis, yaitu pengepresan hidraulik (hydraulic pressing) dan pengepresan berulir (expeller pressing).

a. Pengepresan Hidraulik (Hydraulic Pressing)

Pada cara hydraulic pressing, bahan dipres dengan tekanan sekitar 2000 pound/inch2 (140,6 kg/cm = 136 atm). Banyaknya minyak atau lemak yang dapat diekstraksi tergantung dari lamanya pengepresan, tekanan yang dipergunakan, serta kandungan minyak dalam bahan asal. Sedangkan banyaknya minyak yang tersisa pada bungkil bervariasi sekitar 4 sampai 6 persen, tergantung dari lamanya bungkil ditekan di bawah tekanan hidraulik.

b. Pengepresan Berulir (Expeller Pressing)

Cara expeller pressing memerlukan perlakuan pendahuluan yang terdiri dari proses pemasakan atau tempering. Proses pemasakan berlangsung pada temperatur 240°F (115,5°C) dengan tekanan sekitar 15-20 ton/inch2. Kadar air minyak atau lemak yang dihasilkan berkisar sekitar 2,5-3,5 persen, sedangkan bungkil yang dihasilkan masih mengandung minyak sekitar 4-5 persen.

Cara lain untuk mengekstraksi minyak atau lemak dari bahan yang diduga mengandung minyak atau lemak adalah gabungan dari proses wet rendering dengan pengepresan secara mekanik atau dengan sentrifusi.

Description of Clove oil

Clove oil is one of quite a lot of essential oil produced in Indonesia by way of water and steam distillation. Clove oil, a clear liquid to a yellowish, has a spicy taste, hard, and smelled the smell of cloves. The color will change to brown or purple if it comes in contact with iron or due to storage.

In international trade, clove oil was divided into 3 sections based on its source, namely clove oil (clove leaf oil), clove stem oil (clove stem oil), clove flower oil (clove bud oil).

The main component of clove oil was the compound eugenol, eugenol acetate and caryophylene with the total content reaches 70-80%. Other components contained in clove oil is n-hepthyl methyl alcohol, Benzyl alcohol, methyl salicylate, methyl n-amyl carbinol.

Patchouli essential oil

Patchouli essential oil, Patchouli Essence and patchouli CO2 extract are renowned for their deep, earthy musky fragrances. Patchouli Amber Spice is a proprietary essence oil by Eden Botanicals. Organic patchouli essential oil has a long history of use in the fields of medicine, perfumery, rituals, cosmetics and to scent clothes and textiles. Along with scenting textiles, patchouli oil acts as a deterrent to insects. The essence of patchouli remains a very popular scent and is a traditional ingredient in love potions. Although the aroma of undiluted patchouli oil is disliked by many people, if it is a high quality patchouli essential oil used in small quantities it can be pleasant to almost everyone. Indeed, patchouli oil is used extensively in the flavoring industry, and is an ingredient to be found in many foods and beverages.

Patchouli Essence is an exclusive crystallized essence produced for and imported by Eden Botanicals. Patchouli essence comes in a semi-solid crystallized form and is used as a natural perfume by applying a small piece to your skin. Please click here for more information or to purchase Patchouli Essence.

Patchouli Amber Spice is one of several essence oils formulated by Eden Botanicals. It is a deep, rich blend of Amber Essence Oil and patchouli essential oil with patchouli CO2 extract. Other essential oils plus certified organic jojoba and sunflower oils are added along with natural vitamin E to create an exquisite natural perfume. Please click here for more information or to purchase Patchouli Amber Spice.

The Patchouli Plant: Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is a member of the mint family. It is a large (3 feet) perennial mint which grows in tropical climates. The plant originated in Southeast Asia, and is extensively cultivated in various Indonesian Islands, India, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, and South America. Patchouli is also known as patchouly, tamala pattra in Sanskrit and guang huo xiang in chinese.

Extraction Methods: The essential oil of patchouli is extracted by steam distillation of the leaves. The leaves need to be shade dried and partially fermented before distilling. Fresh patchouli essential oil has a sharp, green fragrance, and needs to age to develop the deeper, earthier aroma of a good patchouli oil. Patchouli essential oil should always be aged and will continue to improve the longer it sits. The color of the oil will deepen from a light yellowish, pale red to a deep, dark amber upon aging, and the oil will become more and more viscous. Please click here for more information or to purchase Patchouli Essential Oil and Organic Patchouli Oil.

Patchouli oil can also be produced through the CO2 extraction method. This is a new technique for extracting essential oils (and other constituents) from plant materials. It does not use water or steam. Instead CO2 (carbon dioxide) is used as a solvent. The CO2 is used under high pressure in which it expresses a likeness to both a gas and a liquid (called a supercritical state). (click here for more information of CO2 extraction). These qualities allow the aromatic constituents of patchouli to be extracted without heat. The CO2 is then removed from the resulting extract which is then refined and filtered. The oil produced from this method has a different odor profile than the oil obtained by steam distillation. CO2 extracts are still relatively rare due to the large cost in setting up the equipment. Patchouli CO2 extract is rarely seen, but if you can locate some, it is worth exploring.

The patchouli CO2 oil that we have was extracted in November of 2002. Although it is a young oil, it does not exhibit the sharpness of a new patchouli essential oil, which tends to be quite disagreeable. It does, however have a pleasant green note in addition to the earthy-rooty aroma. It is also characteristically less spicy than many patchouli essential oils. We like this oil and are very excited to see how it will change as it ages. Please click here for more information or to purchase Patchouli CO2 extract.

Patchouli oil is also rarely available as a resinoid and as a solvent extracted absolute.

Aromatherapy Use: Patchouli essential oil is used as a topical remedy for skin problems such as acne, eczema, inflamed, cracked, chapped and irritated skin. It is known as a cell rejuvenator and helpful in healing wounds and scars. As an antifungal, patchouli oil has been used to treat athlete's foot. For the hair, patchouli oil has been used for dandruff and to aid oily hair.

For the nervous system, patchouli essential oil helps to reduce tension, insomnia and anxiety. It is also know as uplifting fragrance that helps to soothe away everyday cares, and to bring about a sense of nourishment. In this way, and due to its wine-like intoxicating aroma, patchouli oil is also known as an aphrodisiac.

Use in Perfumery: A base note and fixative par excellence. Patchouli oil is used in many famous perfumes such as Tabu and Shocking. A little patchouli oil, used as a fixative can be used in many natural perfume formulations. Patchouli oil mixes well with many essential oils including vetiver, sandalwood, frankincense, bergamot, cedarwood, myrrh, jasmine, rose and the citrus oils.

Spiritual Use: Patchouli is used in temples as an incense. It is said to assist in grounding and centering the mind prior to meditation. It is also produces a strong connection to the earth as such is an aid to connecting with the natural beauty of the our planet.

Which Patchouli Oil Should I Buy? Always request a sample before buying patchouli oil. Patchouli oil varies considerably from batch to batch. Avoid a fresh batch if possible, or allow it to age before using. The Indian patchouli essential oils tends to be different than the more readily available Indonesian oil. Try them both to see which you prefer. By all means, try the patchouli CO2 extract. We like to mix it 50/50 with the steamed distilled patchouli essential oil to produce an unusually smooth, earthy patchouli oil with a light green note not found in most patchouli oils.
Sources of Information:

Eden Botanicals is grateful to the following sources which were used in preparing this web page. Please refer to these sources for more information on patchouili essential oil.

Holmes, Peter. 2001 Clinical Aromatherapy - Essays and Essential Oil Profiles. Snow Lotus Press, Boulder Co.

Keville, Kathy & Mindy Green. 1995. Aromatherapy - A Complete Guide to the Healing Arts, The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA.

Lawless, Julia. 1995. Essential Oils - The Complete Guide to the Use of Oils in Aromatherapy and Herbalism. Element Books, Boston, MA.

Schnaubelt, Kurt. 1998. Advanced Aromatherapy, Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vermont.

Worwood, Valerie Ann. 1999. The Fragrant Heavens - The Spiritual Dimension of fragrance and aromatherapy. New World Library, Navato, CA

http://www.edenbotanicals.com/patchouli-essential-oil.html

Balsam Oil

Balsam oil, also called oil of Peru or Balsam Peru oil, is an essential oil of Myroxylon pereirae. Balsam oil was used in ancient Egypt to mummify the dead.

According to the biblical book of Esther, balsam oil was used to help prepare the harem's virgins to meet the king (Est 2:12). Another biblical mention was when the queen of Sheba went to confirm King Solomon's wisdom, her amazement caused her to give the king 'a great deal of balsam oil' for which 'there never came anymore the like of that balsam oil for the quantity such' given (1 Kings 10:10)

Israeli archeologists, searching caves near the Dead Sea, have discovered what they believe is a 2,000-year-old jug of once-fragrant oil of the kind used to anoint the ancient Israelite kings.

Even though the oil is thought to have been placed in its earthen container at the time of Jesus, it was still fluid and had maintained its original chemical composition, though it had lost its fragrance.

Several months of exhaustive chemical analysis have found that the oil was extracted from a plant that no longer exists. That finding, along with corollary evidence, led scientists to conclude that it was an extract from the ancient persimmon plant, now extinct, that was the source many centuries ago of a highly valued natural perfume used in religious rites and medical preparations.

The find has excited scientists and archeologists here ''because of the fact that it is a living oil that is so ancient and has survived in a very good state of preservation,'' said Joseph Patrich, of Hebrew and Haifa universities. He headed the archeological team that made the finding.

Though there are no clear records from the period, Mr. Patrich said, rabbis later recounted that persimmon oil - known as balsam oil to the Greeks of the time - had been poured over the heads of the ancient kings of Judah as part of the ceremony surrounding their ascension to the throne. The kingdom of Judah, comprising the southern tribes of the biblical Hebrews, lasted from 935 B.C. to 586 B.C.

The five-inch-diameter jug containing about three cubic inches of oil was found in a cave at Qumran last summer, but Hebrew University made the finding public only today because it had taken that long to analyze the oil and demonstrate that it was in fact from the time of Jesus. Jug Is Buried 3 Feet Deep

The jug, of a kind commonly used in the Herodian period for storing household oils, was wrapped in palm leaves and buried in a pit three feet deep inside the cave, suggesting that the owner or owners had wanted it well hidden, probably because of its value.

The spherical jug had a spout at the top and a tiny hole in its side, apparently so small quantities of the oil could be poured more easily. The mouth of the jug was sealed with a stone, and the small hole was closed too, caked with oil that had dried centuries ago.

Once the jug was carried into the sunlight, the heavy oil inside thinned out and began spilling out of the hole until archeologists quickly turned the jug on its side.

Mr. Patrich said he and his team, including volunteers from the Institute of Judaic-Christian Research in Arlington, Tex., were searching the caves for any objects of antiquity, without any specific expectations about what they might find. The discovery of the jug was not at first viewed as extraordinary; only after it was unearthed and found to be full of oil did the team grow excited. 'It Was a Mystery'

''The jug was a slow realization at first,'' said Vendyl Jones, a Texan and head of the research institute. ''It was a mystery, but when we did the tests I was really excited. Religious Jews will be really excited by this.''

Samples of the oil were sent to China, where researchers have sophisticated methods of dating oil samples, Mr. Jones added.

Although the exact age of the jug has not been determined, an ancient scroll discovered in the same caves 36 years ago listed the location of 60 cherished items taken from the second Jewish Temple between A.D. 66 and 68 and hidden as the Roman army approached Jerusalem. Among the items were 23 talents of this oil. A talent was a biblical measure, and Mr. Jones said no one has determined its modern equivalent.

Though the jug was discovered last summer, no announcements were made until now, Mr. Patrich said, because the team first wanted to verify that the oil truly was ancient.

Initial tests, suggested by ancient writings, included dropping a bit of the oil into water, Dr. Patrich said. After a period in the water, the oil is supposed to turn white if it is of the ancient variety, ''and our oil turns white,'' he added.

Then, after more sophisticated chemical analysis, ''we found that it was a plant extract, and was not from any plant that exists today,'' Mr. Patrich said. Valuable in Ancient Times

The oil, manufactured from the sap of the persimmon plant, was especially valuable in ancient times because it held a sweet fragrance at a time when the ability to manufacture perfume was limited.

''This oil had quite a lot of economic value to Judea,'' Mr. Patrich said. And in fact Roman historians recounted that when Titus's army marched toward Jericho and Ein Gedi, sites of the persimmon orchards, in A.D. 70 on its way to destroy Jerusalem and the second Jewish Temple, Jews tried to destroy the orchards to keep them out of Roman hands.

But they failed, and Titus's army was said to have waved persimmon plants in its triumphal march on its return to Rome.

source : www.wikipedia.org http://www.nytimes.com

Anise Oil

Description

Anise, Pimpinella anisum, is a slow-growing annual herb of the parsley family (Apiaceae, formerly Umbelliferae). It is related to other plants prized for their aromatic fruits, commonly called seeds, such as dill, cumin, caraway, and fennel. It is cultivated chiefly for its licorice-flavored fruits, called aniseed. Although it has a licorice flavor, anise is not related to the European plant whose roots are the source of true licorice. It has been used as a medicinal and fragrant plant since ancient times.

The plant reaches from 1–3 ft (0.3–1 m) in height when cultivated, and has finely divided feather-like bright green leaflets. The name Pimpinella (from the Latin dipinella) refers to the pinnately divided form of the leaves. The plant bears white to yellowish-white flowers in compound umbels (umbrella-like clusters). When ripe, the fruits are 0.125 in (3 mm) long and oval-shaped with grayish-green coloring.

While the entire plant is fragrant and tastes strongly of anise, it is the aniseed fruit that has been highly valued since antiquity. Seed maturation usually occurs one month after pollination, when the oil content in the dried fruit is about 2.5%. Steam distillation of the crushed aniseed yields from 2.5 to 3.5% of a fragrant, syrupy, essential, or volatile, oil, of which anethole, present at about 90%, is the principal aromatic constituent. Other chemical constituents of the fruit are creosol, alpha-pinene, dianethole, and photoanethole.

In addition to its medicinal properties, anise is widely used for flavoring curries, breads, soups, cakes, candies, desserts, nonalcoholic beverages, and liqueurs such as anisette. The essential oil is valuable in perfumes and soaps and has been used in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams.

Anise is endemic to the Middle East and Mediterranean regions, including Egypt, Greece, Crete, and Turkey. It was cultivated and used by ancient Egyptians, and used in ancient Greece and Rome, when it was cultivated in Tuscany. Its use and cultivation spread to central Europe in the Middle Ages, and today it is cultivated on a commercial scale in warm areas such as southern Europe, Asia, India, North Africa, Mexico, and Central and South America.

Cultivation

Anise plants grow best in light, fertile, well drained soil. The seeds should be planted as soon as the ground warms up in spring. Because the plants have a taproot, they do not transplant well after being established, so they should be started either in their final location or transplanted while the seedlings are still small.

Production

Western cuisines have long used anise as a moderately popular herb to flavor some dishes, drinks, and candies, and so the word has come to connote both the species of herb and the licorice-like flavor. The most powerful flavor component of the essential oil of anise, anethole, is found in both anise and an unrelated spice called star anise. Featured prominently in South Asian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian dishes, star anise is considerably less expensive to produce, and has gradually displaced the 'original' anise in Western markets. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 tonnes, compared to 400 tonnes from star anise.

source : http://www.answers.com

Angelica Root Oil

Angelica Root Absolute Oil is one of essential oil. Angelica Root Absolute Oil, Angelica archangelic, its root oil is rich and earthy with an herbaceous top note. Angelica Root Absolute Pure medicinal Grade Essential oils can also be used in soap making ingredients, lotions, massage oils, perfume oils, diffusers. The Angelica root essential oil is considered the safest for home use, and has the earthy-herbaceous scent with fruity and spicy top notes. Angelica root is commonly found in African-American major bags prepared for shield from evil, for uncrossing, and to break a jinx.

A beautiful oil coloured light yellow with a very powerful aroma, Angelica root essential oil is distilled from the roots which are hand dug and cleaned, the roots are then distilled to produce this high quality oil. 2004 new season oil is now available for all lovers of this special oil.

Ajwain Oil

Ajwain, a spice that is grown in parts of Asia is marked by its sharp characteristic flavor. Ajwain oil, extracted from the seeds of the plant is used for various therapeutic and aromatherapy purposes. The oil of Ajwain is also marked by a strong odor.


About Ajwain oil

Ajwain also referred to as Bishop's weed is mainly grown in parts of Asia. The plant is mainly cultivated along the riverbanks of India, Afghanistan, Iran and Egypt. In parts of South India, it is often referred to as Omam.

Oil is extracted from the small seed like fruits of the Carum Copticum plant. The egg shaped gray colored seeds are crushed and then oil is extracted by steam distillation process. The almost colorless oil is characterized by a sharp hot taste.

Uses of ajwain oil

1. The oil contains antiseptic and germicide properties. So it is used to treat diarrhea, ulcers, ringworm, indigestion, colic and other similar conditions.
2. Ajwain oil is used for the treatment of respiratory diseases.
3. A natural cleanser, it is often used to cleanse eyes and ears.
4. A massage with Ajwain oil often relieves rheumatoid pains.
5. The oil is also used to treat common colds, cough and fever.

Tips for using Ajwain oil

1. Thyme, sage and parsley are some of the essential oils, which blends well with Ajwain oil.
2. The use of the oil should be discontinued during pregnancy.
3. It is suggested that you use it in dilution, to eliminate any skin irritations.

source : http://www.beautytipshub.com

Agar Oil

Agar oil is one of essential oil. Agar oil is used mainly in perfumes and incense sticks. It easily blends with other essential oils and is widely used in aromatherapy. The oil is also used in many Ayurvedic medicines.

About agar oil

Often referred to as the "Otto of Roses," agar oil has been in use since prehistoric times. The Bible too mentions the use of agar. "Harsha Charita," an ancient Sanskrit text, penned in 652 AD, mentions agar leaves as one of the prized gifts given to Kings.

Oil is extracted from the bark of the Aquillaria Agallocha Roxb tree. Interestingly, it is actually a fungus, which is responsible for the sweet smell of the oil. The rare fungus, which attaches itself to the bark of the tree turns the color of the bark a deep brownish black shade.

The less dark colored barks are separated, and softened by placing them inside water drums. After the wood softens it is then ground into a powder and then oil is extracted using steam and water distillation process. Oil is carefully extracted from the water surface, using a syringe. Stored in glass bottles, it is left to dry in the sun.

Uses of agar oil

1. Agar oil is mainly used in perfumes.
2. The bark is often burned as incense sticks, releasing the aromatic odor of agar.
3. Many mouth freshening agents are often flavored with agar.
4. Ayurvedic and Unani medicine often use agar oil.

Tips for using agar oil

1. If you are using it for the first time, it is recommended that you test before using. This will eliminate the possibility of allergies.
2. Consult your doctor before using, if you are under medication.
3. Agar oil blends well with other essential oils like ylang ylang, rose and jasmine.

source : www.beautytipshub.com

How to Product Rose Oil

Due to the labor-intensive production process and the low content of oil in the rose blooms, rose oil commands a very high price. Harvesting of flowers is done by hand in the morning before sunrise and material is distilled the same day.

There are three main methods of extracting the oil from the plant material:

Distillation

In the process of distillation, large stills, traditionally of copper, are filled with roses and water. The still is fired for 60–105 minutes. The vaporized water and rose oil exit the still and enter a condensing apparatus and are then collected in a flask. This distillation yields a very concentrated oil, direct oil, which makes up about 20% of the final product. The water which condenses along with the oil is drained off and redistilled, cohobation, in order to obtain the water-soluble fractions of the rose oil such as phenyl ethyl alcohol which are a vital component of the aroma and which make up the large bulk, 80%, of the oil. The two oils are combined and make the final rose otto.

Rose otto is usually dark olive-green in color and will form white crystals at normal room temperature which disappear when the oil is gently warmed. It will tend to become more viscous at lower temperatures due to this crystallization of some of its components.

The essence has a very strong odor, but is pleasant when diluted and used for perfume. Attar of roses was once made in India, Persia, Syria, and the Ottoman Empire. The Rose Valley in Bulgaria, near the town of Kazanlak, is among the major producers of attar of roses in the world.

Due to the heat required for distillation, some of the compounds extracted from the rose undergo denaturing or chemical breakdown. As such, rose otto does not smell very similar to "fresh" roses.

The hydrosol portion of the distillate is known as rosewater. This inexpensive by-product is used widely as a food flavoring as well as in skin care.

Solvent extraction

In the solvent extraction method, the flowers are agitated in a vat with a solvent such as hexane, which draws out the aromatic compounds as well as other soluble substances such as wax and pigments. The extract is subjected to vacuum processing which removes the solvent for re-use. The remaining waxy mass is known as a concrete. The concrete is then mixed with alcohol which dissolves the aromatic constituents, leaving behind the wax and other substances. The alcohol is low-pressure evaporated, leaving behind the finished absolute. The absolute may be further processed to remove any impurities that are still present from the solvent extraction.

Rose absolute is a deep reddish brown with no crystals. Due to the low temperatures in this process, the absolute may be more faithful to the scent of the fresh rose than the otto.

Carbon dioxide extraction

A third process, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, combines the best aspects of the other two methods. When carbon dioxide is put under at least 72.9 atm of pressure and at a temperature of at least 31.1°C (the critical point), it becomes a supercritical fluid with the permeation properties of a gas and the solvation properties of a liquid. (Under normal pressure CO2 changes directly from a solid to a gas in a process known as sublimation.) The supercritical fluid CO2 extracts the aromatics from the plant material.

Like solvent extraction, the CO2 extraction takes place at a low temperature, extracts a wide range of compounds rendering an essence more faithful to the original, and leaves the aromatics unaltered by heat. Because CO2 is gas at normal atmospheric pressure, it leaves no trace of itself in the final product. The equipment for CO2 extraction is expensive, which is reflected in the price of the essential oils obtained from the process.

source : wikipedia.org

Rose Oil and Component of Rose Oil

Rose oil is one of essential oil. Rose oil, meaning either rose otto (attar of rose, attar of roses) or rose absolute, is the essential oil extracted from the petals of various types of rose. Rose ottos are extracted through steam distillation, while rose absolutes are obtained through solvent extraction or supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, with the absolute being used more commonly in perfumery. Even with their high price and the advent of organic synthesis, rose oils are still perhaps the most widely used essential oil in perfumery.

Component of Rose Oil

Two major species of rose are cultivated for the production of rose oil:

a. Rosa damascena, the damask rose, which is widely grown in Bulgaria, Turkey, Russia, Pakistan, India, Uzbekistan, Iran and China
b. Rosa centifolia, the cabbage rose, which is more commonly grown in Morocco, France and Egypt

Most rose oil is produced in Bulgaria, Morocco, Iran and Turkey. Recently, China has begun producing rose oil as well.[citation needed]

The most common chemicals compounds present in rose oil are:

citronellol, geraniol, nerol, linalool, phenyl ethyl alcohol, farnesol, stearoptene, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, camphene, β-caryophyllene, neral, citronellyl acetate, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, eugenol, methyl eugenol, rose oxide, α-damascenone, β-damascenone, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, rhodinyl acetate, phenyl ethyl formate

The key flavor compounds that contribute to the distinctive scent of rose oil, however, are beta-damascenone, beta-damascone, beta-ionone, and rose oxide. Beta-damascenone presence and quantity is considered as the marker for the quality of rose oil. Even though these compounds exist in less than 1% quantity of rose oil, they make up for slightly more than 90% of the odor content due to their low odor detection thresholds.

source : wikipedia.org

How to Product Essential Oils

Distillation

Today, most common essential oils, such as lavender, peppermint, and eucalyptus, are distilled. Raw plant material, consisting of the flowers, leaves, wood, bark, roots, seeds, or peel, is put into an alembic (distillation apparatus) over water. As the water is heated the steam passes through the plant material, vaporizing the volatile compounds. The vapors flow through a coil where they condense back to liquid, which is then collected in the receiving vessel.

Most oils are distilled in a single process. One exception is Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata), which takes 22 hours to complete through a fractional distillation.

The recondensed water is referred to as a hydrosol, hydrolat, herbal distillate or plant water essence, which may be sold as another fragrant product. Popular hydrosols include rose water, lavender water, lemon balm, clary sage and orange blossom water. The use of herbal distillates in cosmetics is increasing. Some plant hydrosols have unpleasant smells and are therefore not sold.

Expression

Most citrus peel oils are expressed mechanically, or cold-pressed. Due to the relatively large quantities of oil in citrus peel and low cost to grow and harvest the raw materials, citrus-fruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils that are obtained as by-products of the citrus industry are even cheaper.

Prior to the discovery of distillation, all essential oils were extracted by pressing.

Solvent extraction

Most flowers contain too little volatile oil to undergo expression and their chemical components are too delicate and easily denatured by the high heat used in steam distillation. Instead, a solvent such as hexane or supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract the oils. Extracts from hexane and other hydrophobic solvent are called concretes, which is a mixture of essential oil, waxes, resins, and other lipophilic (oil soluble) plant material.

Although highly fragrant, concretes contain large quantities of non-fragrant waxes and resins. As such another solvent, often ethyl alcohol, which only dissolves the fragrant low-molecular weight compounds, is used to extract the fragrant oil from the concrete. The alcohol is removed by a second distillation, leaving behind the absolute.

Supercritical carbon dioxide is used as a solvent in supercritical fluid extraction. This method has many benefits, including avoiding petrochemical residues in the product and the loss of some "top notes" when steam distillation is used. It does not yield an absolute directly. The supercritical carbon dioxide will extract both the waxes and the essential oils that make up the concrete. Subsequent processing with liquid carbon dioxide, achieved in the same extractor by merely lowering the extraction temperature, will separate the waxes from the essential oils. This lower temperature process prevents the decomposition and denaturing of compounds. When the extraction is complete, the pressure is reduced to ambient and the carbon dioxide reverts back to a gas, leaving no residue. An animated presentation describing the process is available for viewing.

Supercritical carbon dioxide is also used for making decaffeinated coffee. However, although it uses the same basic principles it is a different process because of the difference in scale.

source : wikipedia.org

List of Essential Oil

Essential oils are volatile and liquid aroma compounds from natural sources, usually plants. Essential oils are not oils in a strict sense, but often share with oils a poor solubility in water. Essential oils often have an odor and are therefore used in food flavoring and perfumery. Essential oils are usually prepared by fragrance extraction techniques such as distillation (including steam distillation), cold pressing, or extraction (maceration). Essential oils are distinguished from aroma oils (essential oils and aroma compounds in an oily solvent), infusions in a vegetable oil, absolutes, and concretes. Typically, essential oils are highly complex mixtures of often hundreds of individual aroma compounds.

1. Agar oil, distilled from Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis). Highly prized for its fragrance.
2. Ajwain oil, distilled from the leaves of Bishop’s weed (Carum copticum). Oil contains 35-65% thymol.
3. Angelica root oil, distilled from the Angelica archangelica.
4. Anise oil, from the Pimpinella anisum, rich odor of licorice, used medicinally.
5. Asafoetida, used medicinally and to flavor food
6. Balsam oil, from the Myroxylon pereirae.
7. Basil oil is used in making perfumes, as well as in aromatherapy
8. Bay is used in perfumery; Aromatherapeutic for sprains, colds, flu, insomnia, rheumatism.
9. Bergamot oil, used in aromatherapy and in perfumes.
10. Black Pepper essential oil is distilled from the berries of Piper nigrum. The warm,soothing effect makes it ideal for treating muscle aches, pains and strains.
11. Buchu oil, made from the buchu shrub. Considered toxic and no longer widely used. Formerly used medicinally.
12. Birch is aromatheapeutic for gout, Rheumatism, Eczema, Ulcers.
13. Camphor is used for cold, cough, fever, rheumatism, arthritis
14. Cannabis flower essential oil, used as a flavoring in foods, primarily candy and beverages. Also used as a scent in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and candles.
15. Caraway oil, used a flavoring in foods. Also used in mouthwashes, toothpastes, etc. as a flavoring agent
16. Cardamom seed oil, used in aromatherapy and other medicinal applications. Extracted from seeds of subspecies of Zingiberaceae (ginger). Also used as a fragrance in soaps, perfumes, etc.
17. Carrot seed oil (essential oil), used in aromatherapy.
18. Cedarwood oil, primarily used in perfumes and fragrances.
19. Chamomile oil, There are many varieties of chamomile but only two are used in aromatherapy- Roman and German. Both have similar healing properties but German chamomile contains a higher level of azulin (an anti-inflammatory agent).
20. Calamus Root, used medicinally
21. Cinnamon oil, used for flavoring and medicinally.
22. Cistus species
23. Citronella oil, from a plant related to lemon grass is used as an insect repellent, as well as medicinally.
24. Clary Sage
25. Clove leaf oil, used as a topical anesthetic to relieve dental pain.
26. Coffee, used to flavor food.
27. Coriander
28. Costmary oil (bible leaf oil), from the Tanacetum balsamita
29. Costus Root, used medicinally
30. Cranberry seed oil, equally high in omega-3 omega-6 fatty acids, primarily used in the cosmetic industry.
31. Cubeb, used medicinally and to flavor foods.
32. Cumin oil/Black seed oil, used as a flavor, particularly in meat products. Also used in veterinary medicine.
33. Cypress
34. Cypriol
35. Curry leaf, used medicinally and to flavor food.
36. Davana oil, from the Artemisia pallens, used as a perfume ingredient and as a germicide.
37. Dill oil, chemically almost identical to caraway seed oil. High carvone content.
38. Elecampane, used medicinally.
39. Eucalyptus oil, historically used as a germicide. Commonly used in cough medicine, among other medicinal uses.
40. Fennel seed oil, used medicinally, particularly for treating colic in infants.
41. Fenugreek oil, used medicinally and for cosmetics from ancient times.
42. Frankincense oil, used for aromatherapy and in perfumes.
43. Galangal, used medicinally and to flavor food.
44. Galbanum
45. Geranium oil, used medicinally, particularly in aromatherapy, used for hormonal imbalance, for this reason geranium is often considered to be "female" oil.
46. Ginger oil, used medicinally in many cultures.
47. Goldenrod
48. Grapefruit oil, extracted from the peel of the fruit. Used in aromatherapy. Contains 90% limonene.
49. Henna oil, used medicinally
50. Helichrysum
51. Horseradish oil
52. Hyssop
53. Idaho Tansy
54. Jasmine oil, used for its flowery fragrance.
55. Juniper berry oil, used as a flavor. Also used medicinally, including traditional medicine.
56. Lavender oil is distilled from the lavender flower
57. Laurus nobilis
58. Lavender oil, used primarily as a fragrance. Also used medicinally.
59. Ledum
60. Lemon oil, similar in fragrance to the fruit. Unlike other essential oils, lemon oil is usually cold pressed. Used medicinally, as an antiseptic, and in cosmetics
61. Lemongrass. Lemongrass is a highy fragrant grass from India. In India, it is used to help treat fevers and infections. The oil is very useful for insect repellent.
62. Lime, anti septic, anti viral, astringent, aperitif, bactericidal, disinfectant, febrifuge, haemostatic, restorative and tonic. [18]
63. Litsea cubeba oil, lemon-like scent, often used in perfumes and aromatherapy.
64. Mandarin
65. Marjoram
66. Melaleuca See Tea tree oil
67. Melissa oil (Lemon balm), sweet smelling oil used primarily medicinally, particularly in aromatherapy.
68. Mentha arvensis oil/Mint oil, used in flavoring toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceuticals, as well as in aromatherapy and other medicinal applications.
69. Mountain Savory
70. Mugwort oil, used in ancient times for medicinal and magical purposes. Currently considered to be a neurotoxin.
71. Mustard oil (essential oil), containing a high percentage of allyl isothiocyanate or other isothiocyanates, depending on the species of mustard
72. Myrrh oil, warm, slightly musty smell. Used medicinally.
73. Myrtle
74. Neem Tree Oil
75. Neroli is produced from the blossom of the bitter orange tree.
76. Nutmeg
77. Orange oil, like lemon oil, cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.
78. Oregano oil, contains thymol and carvacrol, making it a useful fungicide. Also used to treat digestive problems.
79. Orris oil is extracted from the roots of the Florentine iris (Iris florentina) and used as a flavouring agent, in perfume, and medicinally.
80. Palo Santo
81. Parsley oil, used in soaps, detergents, colognes, cosmetics and perfumes, especially men’s fragrances.
82. Patchouli oil, very common ingredient in perfumes.
83. Perilla essential oil, extracted from the leaves of the perilla plant. Contains about 50-60% perillaldehyde.
84. Pennyroyal oil, highly toxic. It is abortifacient and can even in small quantities cause acute liver and lung damage.
85. Peppermint oil, used in a wide variety of medicinal applications.
86. Petitgrain
87. Pine oil, used as a disinfectant, and in aromatherapy.
88. Ravensara
89. Red Cedar
90. Roman Chamomile
91. Rose oil, distilled from rose petals, Used primarily as a fragrance.
92. Rosehip oil, distilled from the seeds of the Rosa rubiginosa or Rosa mosqueta. Used medicinally.
93. Rosemary oil, distilled from the flowers of Rosmarinus officinalis. Used in aromatherapy, topically to sooth muscles, and medicinal for its antibacterial and antifungal properties.
94. Rosewood oil, used primarily for skin care applications. Also used medicinally.
95. Sage oil, used medicinally.
96. The spice star anise is distilled to make star anise oil
97. Sandalwood oil, used primarily as a fragrance, for its pleasant, woody fragrance
98. Sassafras oil, from sassafras root bark. Used in aromatherapy, soap-making, perfumes, and the like. Formerly used as a spice, and as the primary flavoring of root beer, inter alia.
99. Savory oil, from Satureja species. Used in aromatherapy, cosmetic and soap-making applications.
100. Schisandra oil, from Schisandra chinensis, used medicinally.
101. Spearmint oil, often used in flavoring mouthwash and chewing gum, among other applications.
102. Spikenard, used medicinally.
103. Spruce
104. Star anise oil, highly fragrant oil using in cooking. Also used in perfumery and soaps, has been used in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. 90% of the world's star anise crop is used in the manufacture of Tamiflu, a drug used to treat influenza, and is hoped to be useful for avian flu
105. Tangerine
106. Tarragon oil, distilled from Artemisia dracunculus, used medicinally.
107. Tea tree oil, distilled from Melaleuca alternifolia, used medicinally. Being a powerful antiseptic, antibacterial and antiviral agent, tea tree's ability to fight infection is second to none.
108. Thyme oil, used medicinally.
109. Tsuga
110. Turmeric, used medicinally and to flavor food
111. Valerian, used medicinally
112. Vetiver oil (khus oil) a thick, amber oil, primarily from India. Used as a fixative in perfumery, and in aromatherapy
113. Western red cedar
114. Wintergreen
115. Yarrow oil is used medicinally, to relieve joint pain
116. Ylang-ylang
117. Zedoary, used medicinally and to flavor food

source : wikipedia.org

Definition of Essential Oils

Do you know about essential oils ? An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile, ethereal oils or aetherolea, or simply as the "oil of" the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An oil is "essential" in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Essential oils do not as a group need to have any specific chemical properties in common, beyond conveying characteristic fragrances.

Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation. Other processes include expression, or solvent extraction. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soap and other products, for flavoring food and drink, and for scenting incense and household cleaning products.

Various essential oils have been used medicinally at different periods in history. Medical application proposed by those who sell medicinal oils range from skin treatments to remedies for cancer, and are often based on historical use of these oils for these purposes. Such claims are now subject to regulation in most countries, and have grown more vague to stay within these regulations.

Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades with the popularity of aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine which claims that the specific aromas carried by essential oils have curative effects. Oils are volatilized or diluted in a carrier oil and used in massage, diffused in the air by a nebulizer or by heating over a candle flame, or burned as incense, for example.

Source : wikipedia.org