How to Buy Computer Gaming Headphones

Choosing the best headphones can bring you a deep experience with games, movies and music. Still, finding a good pair of headphones can be hard and this article discusses how to do the best purchase.
Headphone Types and Features
Headphones can be categorised at least in two sections. First come so called closed headphones that cover your whole ear and keep the most sounds inside and will not actually let environmental sounds in easily either. Closed models have powerful bass effects too.
Open headphones give sound with more natural tone but do not provide the bass effects so well. This kind of headphones also let the sound escape so they do not offer so much in terms of privacy. Open headphone let the sounds pour inside from the environment. Some models have noise cancelling technologies implemented so this will not necessarily be a problem.
Before buying a specific pair of headphones remember to wear them a while to ensure that they really are comfortable. Bad fitting models make your ears blush and hurt. Usually the reason for this is that your ear does not go entirely in the ear cup.
The overall quality of sound should be tested before buying. If you do not trust your judgment or do not have the possibility to test, read some reviews on the pair you would like to buy. Some gamers and other users may need a microphone and some headphones, especially those for designed for computer gaming come with them.
Cabling
If you like wandering around while wearing your headphones make sure that the cable is long enough. You may also want to adjust the volume and some cables have an unit integrated for this purpose. Headphones come wireless too but unfortunately they are more expensive and do not give the quality of sound normal wired models do. They also tend to make irritating popping and scratching sounds because of interference. On top of all this you have to change the batteries quite often.
Conclusion
So, if you are gaming or doing other things in a noisy environment, closed headphones are an ideal option for you. Open headphones can be used without a problem if they have the noise cancelling feature.

You can find more information on gaming computer hardware at author's website Gaming Computer Guide. There you can also read other gaming computer related articles too.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Aatu_Harju

How to Get Your Posters Printed Economically

Printing bigger prints has become a necessity nowadays. For example if you are working in an advertisement agency, you need to print different advertisement campaigns for your clients. These clients of your could be commercial institutions or representative of some political party. You might be preparing a series of banners for big stores announcing discounts on a number of their products. All these assignments require bigger printing equipment. Or you will have to hire services of a painter to make such huge banners for you. But it will take a lot of time simultaneously it would be too much expensive as all work would be handled manually. People had been using the services of these painters in the past. But invention of electronic printing devices has utterly changed the scenario. Every one desires to get his task completed as soon as possible.
This is an age of computer technology where time is very much important. People prefer to spend more money than spending a little more time. They do not want to wait for hours or days. They just place order and desire their work completed within no time. So time is very important factor in accomplishing any task of the life and what to say when you are working on commercial assignments. Therefore, traditional manual painters are no more effective in this time saving age. You are required to save as much time as you can at every step. That is why you are compelled to invest in high speed big printing equipments to handle such heavy campaigns. This will help you complete the assignments within shortest time, plus you can earn more by increased turn over of accomplished tasks.
It is really very much expensive to use high quality big printers. Primarily these are too much expensive and their maintenance is also very expensive task. However, there is also money saving option for best quality prints of such huge sizes. You can opt for ink jet printing equipment of bigger carriage size, which are also available with color printing options. The larger carriage size of the printer enables you to get wider print. Further, this also saves a lot of your time. Just prepare your campaign in computer and send printing command to your big printing equipment. Your work will amazingly be completed within shortest possible time. The quality of prints would also be much better than manual work.

If you want to know more about inkjet photo printers and wide format inkjet printer please visit our website.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Nazima_Golamaully

Cheap Printing Options - How to Maintain Quality

A number of printing equipments are available in the market. Some of them are very expensive while some are also available at discount prices. But have you ever thought what is the difference between the expensive and the low price printing devices? Definitely, the performance and quality of print would be discrimination between the two. There are high quality laser jet printers which are superb with respect to quality of prints. Also the impression on paper received through these amazing printers is really long lasting. However, this quality could be ensured through cheap printer devices like dot printers from unknown companies.
You can however, save a lot on ink jet printing equipments. These are inexpensive as compared to laser printer devices from known brands. You may have seen the prices of laser jet printers from HP or other known brands. The difference is only with respect to their ink cartridges and printing process. In laser printers a heating mechanism works in parallel with printing mechanism which makes the prints durable and long lasting. On the other hand in case of ink jet printing equipment, ink is directly sprayed on the paper creating desired impression. However, the print is almost of the same quality.
Further, the cartridges of ink jet printing equipment are less expensive as compared to those of expensive laser jet cartridges. Therefore, it is also an economical aspect of ink jet printing equipments. You can also save a lot of money by getting the used printing cartridges refilled from company outlet. They use standard quality of ink which helps you maintain the quality of your prints at the best level. Further this will also enable you to curtail the maintenance cost of your printing equipment. Another way to save on cartridges is to explore different discount offers by manufacturers of known brands on the web.

If you want to know more about inkjet photo printers and cheap inkjet printers please visit our website.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Nazima_Golamaully

Advantages and Disadvantages of Cheap Printing Options

Printing is an unavoidable task when you are having a computer system. Soft copies of your work do not serve the purpose all the time. You may need to have hard copies of your assignments. Suppose you are a university student and are working on thesis. You will need to submit hard copies of your work along with soft copies in flash drive. Also if you are going to deliver a lecture or give a presentation on your company profile, you will need hard copies of your documents to be delivered to the participants. Therefore, printing could never be ignored and no computer system is complete without some suitable printing equipment.
On the other hand you are also aware of increasing prices of printing equipments. So you will have to invest a lot to purchase a standard printing device. Definitely their performance and prints would be of best quality. There are also some cheap options with respect to computer printing devices. You can select from them. But be careful as there are also benefits and drawbacks of these cheap options. The most important advantage of investing in cheap printers is that you can save some bucks. However, if you are quality conscious you should not invest in these cheap printing equipments.
You can however, save in future on printing cartridges. This will not affect quality of your prints. Genuine cartridges are obviously too much expensive. However, there are some refill offers from some good ranked printing cartridges manufacturers. For example a number of discount offers could be viewed on the internet from HP or Canon. So it is recommended to purchase a standard printer though it is costly for the time being but you can save in the long run on purchase of discounted cartridges from well known companies mentioned above. Thus you will get quality prints economically.

If you want to know more about inkjet photo printers and cheap inkjet printers please visit our website.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Nazima_Golamaully

Guideline For Buying New Printing Device

You have purchased a computer system according to your desire keeping in view your workload and the nature of your assignments. But do you know that printer is one of the most important computer accessories to accomplish your assignments successfully. Actually no computer system could be considered complete in the absence of proper printing equipment. So this is your unavoidable computer accessory. But what type of printer do you need? In this article, I will try to convey some helping tips to by a new printing device.
Actually, a large number of vendors are there in market with a number of different products. You are just confused about which one you should select. However, if you assess your requirements on sensible basis, it will not be difficult to decide about your printing device. Therefore, first step for buying a computer printer would be to assess your assignments. Only then you can buy a device providing you the perfect printing solutions. Second thing which is very much important while making decision about your printing device is your budget range. If you can afford, you should definitely go for best quality expensive device, otherwise a number of economical options are also available.
One of the best options with respect to economical printing equipments is to purchase canon products. This company is manufacturing computer accessories for the last many decades and has also achieved special skill to produce quality products at affordable prices. Specially, the ink jet printing equipments from this brand are really best in performance and quality of prints from is really great. This manufacturer has also introduced a number of color printing equipments which do not have their match in the market. You can get quality prints of your memorable movements and personal photos through these printers. You can also save a lot on printing cartridges as they are easily available in the market at competitive prices.

If you want to know more about inkjet photo printers and canon inkjet printers please visit our website.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Nazima_Golamaully

Guideline For Buying New Printing Device

You have purchased a computer system according to your desire keeping in view your workload and the nature of your assignments. But do you know that printer is one of the most important computer accessories to accomplish your assignments successfully. Actually no computer system could be considered complete in the absence of proper printing equipment. So this is your unavoidable computer accessory. But what type of printer do you need? In this article, I will try to convey some helping tips to by a new printing device.
Actually, a large number of vendors are there in market with a number of different products. You are just confused about which one you should select. However, if you assess your requirements on sensible basis, it will not be difficult to decide about your printing device. Therefore, first step for buying a computer printer would be to assess your assignments. Only then you can buy a device providing you the perfect printing solutions. Second thing which is very much important while making decision about your printing device is your budget range. If you can afford, you should definitely go for best quality expensive device, otherwise a number of economical options are also available.
One of the best options with respect to economical printing equipments is to purchase canon products. This company is manufacturing computer accessories for the last many decades and has also achieved special skill to produce quality products at affordable prices. Specially, the ink jet printing equipments from this brand are really best in performance and quality of prints from is really great. This manufacturer has also introduced a number of color printing equipments which do not have their match in the market. You can get quality prints of your memorable movements and personal photos through these printers. You can also save a lot on printing cartridges as they are easily available in the market at competitive prices.

If you want to know more about inkjet photo printers and canon inkjet printers please visit our website.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Nazima_Golamaully

IT Support - 9 Tips For Ordering a New Data Connection

Having been with an IT Support Company for five years, there is one thing that always stresses me out; ordering data connectivity for clients. From all that stress, I have some advice for you when ordering a new data connection such as a T1 that I would like to share:
My experience with getting data connections for clients has been varied, and unfortunately plagued with issues. I have had order entirely messed up, circuit failures, tech miss punching the ports or even plugging into the wrong port at the smart jack and not admitting to it.
From all this I do have some advice:
1) Plan ahead, the time to process the order could take up to 60 days!
2) Research the carriers in your area. Don't just go with who you know, check on everyone. They are all hungry for business, you might find a good deal.
3) If a deal is too good to be true, research it and read the fine print. It may be just that, not true.
4) Don't be afraid to push on the carriers and drop hints that someone else may get your business, just don't be a jerk about it.
5) Make sure the client knows that this process takes time to select and order the data connection. Communication with the client is key. Anyone in IT solutions knows that the client likes to be kept up to date, tell them what is going on. You may need them on your side when the carrier drops the ball.
6) When selecting the bandwidth, make sure to build in expansion into the selection. Better to have too much now and just enough later than to have to go through the whole process again in a few months.
7) Determine early on who will run the extension from the smartjack at the dmarc to your data center. Some sites do not have the dmarc in the data center. I personally have never seen the dmarc in a data center, but maybe I am just lucky. Establish who will run this as most vendors will not want to. The resposibilty factor over this run is something that most carriers will not take up and you may have to bring someone qualified in to run it.
8) Be aware, you may have to justify your use of the public IP addresses to get the block size you want. It seems ARIN is getting stingy on handing them out since the addresses are running out.
9) If you are testing the circuits and it isn't working, try the other open smart jacks. The tech may have plugged the extension into the wrong port. Yes, this does happen, be the hero and figure it out before the service call is made.
Hopefully some of this helps you through the dark path of connectivity. Remember even though we live in a golden age of technology with instant access, there is still a wait period to get that access...be patient.

Michael T. McLaughlin Partner at Trigon Technology IT Support Solutions Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_T_McLaughlin

32 Bit PCI Slots - Explaining the Different Types of PCI Expansion

As PCI Slots has grown to become the default expansion technology for industrial applications, so have the variety of available PCI Slot technologies. It's easy to be confused by the number standards. Let's look at each and see what they do. The best industrial computers offer a combination of these expansion slots to accommodate a variety of devices.
1. 3.3V/5V 32-Bit PCI Slot -PCI remains an accepted standard despite several newer revisions. A regular PCI uses five volts of power. You can differentiate it from the rare 3.3-volt type by the position of the notch in the slot. If the notch is toward the edge of the motherboard, the slot is 5 volts. If the notch is toward the center of the motherboard, it's 3.3 volts. The differing voltages correlate to different notches on the device card.
2. 3.3/5V 64-Bit PCI Slot -An extended connector can allow the device bus to double its speed of data transfer. 3.3V/5V 64 bit slot is longer to accommodate the additional connectors required.
3. PCI-X - PCI-X is a double-wide PCI device slot and runs at 4x the speed. It enhanced the 32-bit PCI Local Bus for higher bandwidth demands for servers. It has itself been replaced in modern designs by PCI Express.
4. PCIe PCI Express is used in consumer, server, and industrial applications, as a motherboard-level interconnect (to link motherboard-mounted peripherals) and as an expansion card interface for add-in boards. PCIe is based on point-to-point serial links, rather than a shared parallel bus architecture, like standard PCI. PCIe x1, PCIe x4, PCIe x16 are different slot sizes in the PCIe standard.
Whether you need 32-bit PCI Slots or one of the other useful types, the standard is here to stay. They are becoming increasingly hard to find in new systems and require specific engineering to meet your device needs.

Configure your new system with 32-bit PCI Slots or choose between many other reliable expansion technologies.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Josh_Gwinn

Nvidia GeForce GTX 460 graphics cards DirectX 11 Best Intermediate class

NVIDIA recently launched products VGA CARD Best for the middle class with a very affordable price of 199 USD or ga up to two million rupiah to 768 MB version and around 229 USD for a 1 GB. This product is VGA CARD NVIDIA GeForce GTX 460 is able to provide revolutionary levels for comparison of price and performance. With 4x folding capability of DirectX 11 performance tessellation closest competitor (ATI Radeon HD 5830), GeForce GTX 460 display a very detailed visual packaging for your game - without compromising the high frame rate. And with NVIDIA PhysX ® ™ ® Vision 3D, and CUDA ™ technology, GeForce GTX 460 enables all the effects look very realistic from the game.

There are two versiGTX 460 is Nvidia's GeForce GTX 460 1GB and 768MB Nvidia GeForce GTX 460. GTX 460 architecture uses Fermi architecture and the classes under the GTX 465.

Specification of NVIDIA GeForce GTX 460 :

GPU Engine Specs:

CUDA Cores	336
Graphics Clock (MHz)	675 MHz
Processor Clock (MHz)	1350 MHz
Texture Fill Rate (billion/sec)	37.8

Memory Specs:

Graphics card version	GTX 460 1GB GDDR5	GTX 460 768MB GDDR5
Memory Clock	1800	1800
Standard Memory Config	1 GB GDDR5	768MB GDDR5
Memory Interface Width	256-bit	192-bit
Memory Bandwidth (GB/sec)	115.2	86.4

Feature Support:

NVIDIA SLI®-ready*	2-Way
NVIDIA 3D Vision Ready	yes
NVIDIA 3D Vision Surround Ready***	yes
NVIDIA PureVideo® Technology**	HD
NVIDIA PhysX™-ready	yes
NVIDIA CUDA™ Technology	yes
Microsoft DirectX	11
OpenGL	4.0
Bus Support	PCI-E 2.0 x 16
Certified for Windows 7	yes

Display Support:

Maximum Digital Resolution	2560×1600
Maximum VGA Resolution	2048×1536
Standard Display Connectors	Two Dual Link DVI Mini HDMI
Multi Monitor	yes
HDCP	yes
HDMI	yes
Audio Input for HDMI	Internal

Standard Graphics Card Dimensions:

Height	4.376 inches (111 mm)
Length	8.25 inches (210 mm)
Width	Dual-slot

Thermal and Power Specs:

Maximum GPU Temperature (in C)	104 C
Maximum Graphics Card Power (W)	160 W
Minimum Recommended System Power (W)	450 W
Supplementary Power Connectors	6-pin & 6-pin

Acer LCD Monitors Series S1 World's Best Thin

Acer has announced its LCD monitors S1 series, which was praised because it is very thin, and also environmentally friendly. S1 series LCD screen will have a size ranging from 18.5 inches to 23 inches, and has a thickness of only 13mm-15mm. EcoDisplay logo is displayed which shows that the LCD is a low environmental impact thanks to the use of environmentally friendly materials and lower power consumption. Acer LCD monitors new S1 is also equipped with Adaptive Contrast Management technology.

S1 Acer LCD Monitor offers VGA and DVI ports with HDCP encryption, an HDMI port (on 21 and 23-inch models), 12,000,000:1 contrast ratio, 5ms response time, resolution and FULL HD.

S1 Acer LCD Monitor Prices starting from £ 119.99 ($ 184) to 18.5-inch model, and up to 169.99 pounds ($ 260) for 23-inch model. (source)

Invisible Mouses From MIT

If we observe the development of technology is very rapid. Moreover, information technology, if we do not quickly follow it we will be increasingly left behind. Examples of technologies Mouse, who used to still use small ball, we have not had time to buy a mouse that uses infrared, never appeared again this newest technology that is Invisible mouse. Mouse Magical times ... , But this mouse is not visible. You can not see the mouse in this video? Errors are not in your eyes because now starting to be developed invisible mouse (mouse is not visible) which is called Mouseless. Fluid Interfaces Group, MIT Media Lab to develop this technology using the IR camera and IR lasers to mentukan cliks hand positions and that makes your hands menjad mouse itself. An important point of this project is the cost needed to create a prototype product is only $ 20 or 180 thousand rupiah is still fitted with the bag. Please note that we provide video and let us hope that this technology will accompany us on future notebooks. source: beritateknologi.com

Slate Tycoon TVB00 Atom Based PC from FIC Supports Full HD Video

First International Computer (FIC), which is one of the leading electronics manufacturer, revealed their new products at Computex is Slate PC Tycoon TVB00 which is a tablet with 10.inch widescreen display. Thin and lightweight design makes it comfortable brought brought everywhere.

Using the Intel Atom N455 processor 1.66GHz processor screen 10.1 "1024 × 600 widescreen multi-touch capacitive and type of micro-SATA 1.8" hard disk, FIC TVB00 Tycoon offers the ability PCD in the form of smaller, lighter, weighing only 0.85 kg. Slate Tycoon PC also supports Wifi, Bluetooth 2.1, HDMI port and min Polymer batteries hold up to three hours.

For video processing, utilizing the Broadcom BCM70015 advanced media Crystal HD video processor that enables HD 1080p and supports DDR3 667MHz 2GB memory.

Slate PC also supports 4G mobile broadband connectivity based on Beceem's industry-leading BCSM250-WiMAX 4G or BCS500 single-chip multi-mode 4G WiMAX / LTE future.

With this device we can read the eBook, eNewspaper, eMagazine, and other multimedia.

Tycoon TVB00 Specifications:

- Windows 7 operating system support

- 1.66GHz IntelR Atom N455 processor

- 1 DDR3 667 SO-DIMM Slot (up to 2GB)

- 10.1”W LED BL (1024 x 600), capacitive multi-touch panel

- 1.8” HDD Micro SATA Type

- 802.11b/g/n WLAN

- BCM70015 Crystal HD advanced media processor (Option)

- 1 x VGA port, 2 x USB 2.0 ports, 1 x Headphone Line-Out, 1 x Microphone Line-In, 1 x DC-in, 1 x 1.3M or 2M Webcam (with Mic. design)

- Bluetooth 2.1

- Embedded 2700mAh Polymer battery (up to 3 hours battery life)

- 243.5mm x 176mm x 15mm (W x D x H)

- Approx. 850g

* All Specifications subject to change

(source : beritateknologi)

Hussar's multimedia speakers, The News Speaker from China

Hussar is a multimedia speakers artificial bamboo curtain country, but the speakers U8 Hussar this is quite okay. These speakers religion similar to ancient times and is suitable radio is also placed in the living room. This device is white and the box made of wood with a circular indentation. This multimedia device provides two impression that is at once retro yet modern.

U8 Hussar 2.1 and the speaker system has 18W total power, an FM receiver, a plug jack, AUX output, USB and SD Card Reader / SDHC also supported. This speaker supports various audio formats and has a size of 146 × 274 × 175mm and weighs 2.7 Kg.

Hussar U8 sold in China with the price of $ 78 US or 700 thousand rupiah (source)

Operation of Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The fundamental operation of most CPUs, regardless of the physical form they take, is to execute a sequence of stored instructions called a program. The program is represented by a series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory. There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and writeback.

The first step, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction (which is represented by a number or sequence of numbers) from program memory. The location in program memory is determined by a program counter (PC), which stores a number that identifies the current position in the program. In other words, the program counter keeps track of the CPU's place in the current program. After an instruction is fetched, the PC is incremented by the length of the instruction word in terms of memory units.[6] Often the instruction to be fetched must be retrieved from relatively slow memory, causing the CPU to stall while waiting for the instruction to be returned. This issue is largely addressed in modern processors by caches and pipeline architectures (see below).

The instruction that the CPU fetches from memory is used to determine what the CPU is to do. In the decode step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance to other portions of the CPU. The way in which the numerical instruction value is interpreted is defined by the CPU's instruction set architecture (ISA).[7] Often, one group of numbers in the instruction, called the opcode, indicates which operation to perform. The remaining parts of the number usually provide information required for that instruction, such as operands for an addition operation. Such operands may be given as a constant value (called an immediate value), or as a place to locate a value: a register or a memory address, as determined by some addressing mode. In older designs the portions of the CPU responsible for instruction decoding were unchangeable hardware devices. However, in more abstract and complicated CPUs and ISAs, a microprogram is often used to assist in translating instructions into various configuration signals for the CPU. This microprogram is sometimes rewritable so that it can be modified to change the way the CPU decodes instructions even after it has been manufactured.

After the fetch and decode steps, the execute step is performed. During this step, various portions of the CPU are connected so they can perform the desired operation. If, for instance, an addition operation was requested, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) will be connected to a set of inputs and a set of outputs. The inputs provide the numbers to be added, and the outputs will contain the final sum. The ALU contains the circuitry to perform simple arithmetic and logical operations on the inputs (like addition and bitwise operations). If the addition operation produces a result too large for the CPU to handle, an arithmetic overflow flag in a flags register may also be set.

The final step, writeback, simply "writes back" the results of the execute step to some form of memory. Very often the results are written to some internal CPU register for quick access by subsequent instructions. In other cases results may be written to slower, but cheaper and larger, main memory. Some types of instructions manipulate the program counter rather than directly produce result data. These are generally called "jumps" and facilitate behavior like loops, conditional program execution (through the use of a conditional jump), and functions in programs.[8] Many instructions will also change the state of digits in a "flags" register. These flags can be used to influence how a program behaves, since they often indicate the outcome of various operations. For example, one type of "compare" instruction considers two values and sets a number in the flags register according to which one is greater. This flag could then be used by a later jump instruction to determine program flow.

After the execution of the instruction and writeback of the resulting data, the entire process repeats, with the next instruction cycle normally fetching the next-in-sequence instruction because of the incremented value in the program counter. If the completed instruction was a jump, the program counter will be modified to contain the address of the instruction that was jumped to, and program execution continues normally. In more complex CPUs than the one described here, multiple instructions can be fetched, decoded, and executed simultaneously. This section describes what is generally referred to as the "Classic RISC pipeline", which in fact is quite common among the simple CPUs used in many electronic devices (often called microcontroller). It largely ignores the important role of CPU cache, and therefore the access stage of the pipeline.

www.wikipedia.org

Introduction to Microprocessor

The introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s significantly affected the design and implementation of CPUs. Since the introduction of the first commercially available microprocessor (the Intel 4004) in 1970 and the first widely used microprocessor (the Intel 8080) in 1974, this class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other central processing unit implementation methods. Mainframe and minicomputer manufacturers of the time launched proprietary IC development programs to upgrade their older computer architectures, and eventually produced instruction set compatible microprocessors that were backward-compatible with their older hardware and software. Combined with the advent and eventual vast success of the now ubiquitous personal computer, the term "CPU" is now applied almost exclusively to microprocessors.

Previous generations of CPUs were implemented as discrete components and numerous small integrated circuits (ICs) on one or more circuit boards. Microprocessors, on the other hand, are CPUs manufactured on a very small number of ICs; usually just one. The overall smaller CPU size as a result of being implemented on a single die means faster switching time because of physical factors like decreased gate parasitic capacitance. This has allowed synchronous microprocessors to have clock rates ranging from tens of megahertz to several gigahertz. Additionally, as the ability to construct exceedingly small transistors on an IC has increased, the complexity and number of transistors in a single CPU has increased dramatically. This widely observed trend is described by Moore's law, which has proven to be a fairly accurate predictor of the growth of CPU (and other IC) complexity to date.

Intel Microprocessors, The (8th Edition) 

While the complexity, size, construction, and general form of CPUs have changed drastically over the past sixty years, it is notable that the basic design and function has not changed much at all. Almost all common CPUs today can be very accurately described as von Neumann stored-program machines. As the aforementioned Moore's law continues to hold true, concerns have arisen about the limits of integrated circuit transistor technology. Extreme miniaturization of electronic gates is causing the effects of phenomena like electromigration and subthreshold leakage to become much more significant. These newer concerns are among the many factors causing researchers to investigate new methods of computing such as the quantum computer, as well as to expand the usage of parallelism and other methods that extend the usefulness of the classical von Neumann model.

source : www.wikipedia.org

Invention of Integrated circuit

The idea of integrated circuit was conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (1909-2002), who published it at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on May 7, 1952. He gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas. Dummer unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956.

Jack Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958 and successfully demonstrated the first working integrated circuit on September 12, 1958. In his patent application of February 6, 1959, Kilby described his new device as “a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated.” Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part of the invention of the integrated circuit.

Robert Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. Noyce's chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Noyce's chip, made at Fairchild Semiconductor, was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium.

Early developments of the integrated circuit go back to 1949, when the German engineer Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG) filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device showing five transistors on a common substrate arranged in a 2-stage amplifier arrangement. Jacobi discloses small and cheap hearing aids as typical industrial applications of his patent. A commercial use of his patent has not been reported.

A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares (wafers), each one containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which looked very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951's Project Tinkertoy). However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC.

Robert Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p-n junction isolation caused by the action of a biased p-n junction (the diode) as a key concept behind the IC.

source : wikipedia.org

Introduction of Integrated circuit

In electronics, an integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics.

A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board.

Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes, and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors.

There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed as one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a circuit as a packaged IC die than as a discrete circuit. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) because the components are small and close together. As of 2006, chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 350 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2.

source : wikipedia.org

Printer Technology

In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a hard copy (permanent readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. Many printers are primarily used as local peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable or, in most newer printers, a USB cable to a computer which serves as a document source. Some printers, commonly known as network printers, have built-in network interfaces (typically wireless and/or Ethernet), and can serve as a hardcopy device for any user on the network. Individual printers are often designed to support both local and network connected users at the same time. In addition, a few modern printers can directly interface to electronic media such as memory sticks or memory cards, or to image capture devices such as digital cameras, scanners; some printers are combined with a scanners and/or fax machines in a single unit, and can function as photocopiers. Printers that include non-printing features are sometimes called Multifunction printers (MFP), Multi-Function Devices (MFD), or All-In-One (AIO) printers. Most MFPs include printing, scanning, and copying among their features.

A Virtual printer is a piece of computer software whose user interface and API resemble that of a printer driver, but which is not connected with a physical computer printer.

Printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print jobs; requiring virtually no setup time to achieve a hard copy of a given document. However, printers are generally slow devices (30 pages per minute is considered fast; and many inexpensive consumer printers are far slower than that), and the cost per page is actually relatively high. However this is offset by the on-demand convenience and project management costs being more controllable compared to an out-sourced solution. The printing press naturally remains the machine of choice for high-volume, professional publishing. However, as printers have improved in quality and performance, many jobs which used to be done by professional print shops are now done by users on local printers; see desktop publishing. The world's first computer printer was a 19th century mechanically driven apparatus invented by Charles Babbage for his Difference Engine.

Printers are routinely classified by the underlying print technology they employ; numerous such technologies have been developed over the years. The choice of print engine has a substantial effect on what jobs a printer is suitable for, as different technologies are capable of different levels of image/text quality, print speed, low cost, noise; in addition, some technologies are inappropriate for certain types of physical media (such as carbon paper or transparencies).

Another aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is resistance to alteration: liquid ink such as from an inkjet head or fabric ribbon becomes absorbed by the paper fibers, so documents printed with a liquid ink sublimation printer are more difficult to alter than documents printed with toner or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.

Cheques should either be printed with liquid ink or on special "cheque paper with toner anchorage". For similar reasons carbon film ribbons for IBM Selectric typewriters bore labels warning against using them to type negotiable instruments such as cheques. The machine-readable lower portion of a cheque, however, must be printed using MICR toner or ink. Banks and other clearing houses employ automation equipment that relies on the magnetic flux from these specially printed characters to function properly.

source : www.wikipedia.org

Printer

In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a hard copy (permanent readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. Many printers are primarily used as local peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable or, in most newer printers, a USB cable to a computer which serves as a document source. Some printers, commonly known as network printers, have built-in network interfaces (typically wireless and/or Ethernet), and can serve as a hardcopy device for any user on the network. Individual printers are often designed to support both local and network connected users at the same time. In addition, a few modern printers can directly interface to electronic media such as memory sticks or memory cards, or to image capture devices such as digital cameras, scanners; some printers are combined with a scanners and/or fax machines in a single unit, and can function as photocopiers. Printers that include non-printing features are sometimes called Multifunction printers (MFP), Multi-Function Devices (MFD), or All-In-One (AIO) printers. Most MFPs include printing, scanning, and copying among their features.

A Virtual printer is a piece of computer software whose user interface and API resemble that of a printer driver, but which is not connected with a physical computer printer.

Printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print jobs; requiring virtually no setup time to achieve a hard copy of a given document. However, printers are generally slow devices (30 pages per minute is considered fast; and many inexpensive consumer printers are far slower than that), and the cost per page is actually relatively high. However this is offset by the on-demand convenience and project management costs being more controllable compared to an out-sourced solution. The printing press naturally remains the machine of choice for high-volume, professional publishing. However, as printers have improved in quality and performance, many jobs which used to be done by professional print shops are now done by users on local printers; see desktop publishing. The world's first computer printer was a 19th century mechanically driven apparatus invented by Charles Babbage for his Difference Engine.

Printers are routinely classified by the underlying print technology they employ; numerous such technologies have been developed over the years. The choice of print engine has a substantial effect on what jobs a printer is suitable for, as different technologies are capable of different levels of image/text quality, print speed, low cost, noise; in addition, some technologies are inappropriate for certain types of physical media (such as carbon paper or transparencies).

Another aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is resistance to alteration: liquid ink such as from an inkjet head or fabric ribbon becomes absorbed by the paper fibers, so documents printed with a liquid ink sublimation printer are more difficult to alter than documents printed with toner or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.

Cheques should either be printed with liquid ink or on special "cheque paper with toner anchorage". For similar reasons carbon film ribbons for IBM Selectric typewriters bore labels warning against using them to type negotiable instruments such as cheques. The machine-readable lower portion of a cheque, however, must be printed using MICR toner or ink. Banks and other clearing houses employ automation equipment that relies on the magnetic flux from these specially printed characters to function properly.

source : www.wikipedia.org

What You Wanted to Know About a Replacement Laptop Battery

You know you cannot fix a round plug into a square hole; similarly, you cannot fit any laptop battery into any computer. Laptop batteries are made for a specific purpose and for specific computer models only. Now, if you're looking to buy a replacement laptop battery, there are some things you might want to know and consider, before actually purchasing it.

Laptop battery manufacturers are in the plenty. There is no dearth of them. To make options ever wider, retailers are plentiful too! With such huge number of options, it is very easy to get confused, and even be led, to make the wrong decision. To avoid this problem, you need to know something about your laptop - The make of your laptop and its model. You can also look inside the laptop battery's compartment for the model number along with other useful information. In addition to this information, you might also find the laptop battery's part number that could be located on the battery casing itself.

Things to look for

What would you like your battery to do? Fail you the first time you use it? I guess not. So, make a note of this parameter that is important, as well as others, like the technology that is used in the battery - it should be compatible with the technology used in your computer. Buying a replacement laptop battery is not just a joke - it takes lots of time and effort. Finally, choose the battery that has the longest life. That will be the best replacement laptop battery to choose.

NiCad vs. NiMH vs. Li-Ion

Which one is better? Well, to answer this question head-on, NiCad batteries (nickel cadmium) are the older version of batteries. They were very common at a point in time. They do not have the capacity to hold much power, going by the requirements of today's computer user. Moreover, they can be charged only a couple of times. They are easily ruined if left on the charger after reaching full charge capacity. Another problem that most users faced was the declining charge capacity - the battery would not recharge to its full capacity, if not discharged completely on every use.

NiMH (nickel metal hydride) was the next in series, after NiCad. This series is a little better than NiCad, but features the same problems with charging; however, to a lower extent.

Li-Ion (lithium ion) is the best technology to be brought into existence. These batteries hold the same amount of power as NiMH, but are far lighter and more superior. These batteries, unlike the nickel counterparts, do not have the charging problem and hence, last longer.

Now, if your laptop supports all of these battery types, your choice for a replacement laptop battery will be the Lithium Ion battery.

Well, what next? You have more work to do now. Taking care of your original battery as well as your replacement laptop battery is of utmost importance. This will ensure a longer and more enjoyable life of your battery.

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